Standardized Testing Should Be Discontinued - 887 Words

Years ago, standardized testing was introduced to school systems to measure capability and knowledge of the students. The tests were supposed to help point out issues in the school’s instruction method and to encourage the administration to fix the problems. Even though these tests started as an excellent way to help the education system, their effects have changed over time. Standardized testing should be discontinued because it cannot represent the true knowledge of a student, it narrows what a student can learn during the year, and it can be altered to misrepresent the true scores of students to benefit the faculty and administration. In the mid to late 1800s, the secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts, Horace Mann, began the standardized testing age of America’s school systems. According to Thomas C. Hunt, et al., â€Å"A standardized achievement test is a test that measures students’ knowledge of a domain of related content†¦. These achievement tests put emphasis on what has been learned by the students, and students are scored as either proficient or not proficient in the content area† (Hunt, et al 888). Standardized testing was very well-liked in the past and still is by some people today. Many education systems encourage the continuation of these standardized tests because it measures how much knowledge a student has gained and how well the teacher’s instruction has taught the student throughout the year. Many teachers and administrators also approve of theShow MoreRelatedStandardized Test are Worthless782 Words   |  3 PagesWhile researching text I’ve gotten to the conclusion that standardized test should be eliminated from school districts. Due to the voluminous amount of statistical data and research, there is no doubt-standardized tests should no longer be continued, but however, should be taken out and discontinued, while being removed forever and ever. To begin with, the teacher’s goal is to prepare well their students to pass the standardized test given. Yes, I acknowledge that teachers do prepare studentsRead MoreStandardized Testing: Socialism in Education737 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized Testing: Socialism in Education Standardized testing has become a yearly fixture in classrooms around the United States. Legislation such as No Child Left Behind holds educators and administrators responsible for the learning of students. One way to assess this learning is through the use of a standardized test, the results of which can be compared to a predetermined benchmark. I believe it’s a good idea to hold educators accountable for the work they perform in the classroom andRead MoreSchool Admission Requirements For College Admission Requirement1114 Words   |  5 PagesThis means not looking at standardized test scores. Studies show that the test is biased towards a specific demographic group and race. Requirements for college admission should be used fair to everyone and at the same level of education. Although the ACT and SAT have been used to determine if majority of students get accepted into college, but because it shows that test are bias towards a certain demographic group it’s being considered that they should be discontinued. Dropping the requirementRead MoreSchool Admission Requirements For College Admission Requirement1114 Words   |  5 PagesThis means not looking at standardized test scores. Studies show that the test is biased towards a specific demographic group and race. Requirements for college admission should be used fair to everyone and at the same level of education. Although the ACT and SAT have been used to determine if majority of students get accepted into college, but because it shows that test are bias towards a certain demographic group it’s being considered that they should be discontinued. Dropping the requirementRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards881 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States hopes that Common Core will enable the coming generations to be better prepared. As of right now, my working thesis is Common Core is overall unsuccessful in its effort, and discontinuing or, at the least, replacing it would improve the testing scores /academic progresses, mental health, and attitude towards school of the children in the United States. My two articles, â€Å"Reading Don’t Fix No Chevys (Yet!): Motivating boys in the age of the Common Core,† by Jeffrey D. Wilhelm and MichaelRead MoreAvoiding the Alignment Trap in Intormation Technology Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagescentral database stored on a server to connect to head office. This option is economically feasible, will improve local efficiencies and will allow the sharing of resources and records. I would also recommend that the companies begin feasibility testing to explore the implementation o f an internal ERP system to support global operations in the near future. Doing this will help companies to keep up with the competition. Current Situation Companies are getting caught in an â€Å"alignment trap† whereasRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1864 Words   |  7 Pagesonly one of ten key areas addressed by the law. These ten other areas include access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology. (Chadband) Five different bills were introduced in the House, Senate, and White House in 1971. All these bills were proposals to end sex discrimination in education. The legislatures could not come to an agreement on the bestRead MoreThe Key to Success1436 Words   |  6 Pagestime they learn short-cuts and improvements. This applies to all employees and managers, not just those directly involved in production. Standardization, specialization, and methods improvements - As processes, parts, and products become more standardized, efficiency tends to increase. When employees specialize in a limited set of tasks, they gain more experience with these tasks and operate at a faster rate. Technology-Driven Learning - Automated production technology and information technologyRead MoreFaulty Reasoning behind Testing1943 Words   |  8 Pagesand score high, yet, when the COMPASS exam is given to them for College entrance they score into pre-College courses. The results of testing does not give an in-depth analysis of knowledge obtained by the student body, due to the lack of economic and social circumstances, therefore, the reasoning behind testing is faulty and should not be advocated, but discontinued. Schools are ranked according to their exams scores, which reveal schools within the most economic prosperous communities are rankedRead MoreThe Upper Of The Body Is Defined As Beginning At The Cervical1484 Words   |  6 Pagesassessing recovery from a spectrum of conditions and injuries literature suggests objective measures, such as grip strength and/or range of motion, within in large percentages of patients, are significantly decreased compared to the unaffected limb or standardized norms at both discharge and follow up visits (Poole, Santhanam, Latham, 2012; Macdermid, Richards, Roth, 2001; Wilcke, Abbaszadegan, Adolphson, 2007). It has also been surmised that deficits in objective recovery measures have the ability

`` A Good Man Is Hard, And Ha Jin s, Under The Red Flag

Short stories are seemingly a lost art amongst the literary community. Legendary writers such as Edgar Allen Poe, Flannery O’Connor, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many more have paved the way for writers such as Ha Jin and Phil Klay who write today. Now, although one could speak on the importance of each of these tremendous writers, the focus in paper will be on two writings being that of Flannery O’Connor’s, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† and Ha Jin’s, â€Å"Under The Red Flag†. Now, each book contains many short stories that encapture readers throughout them. Flannery O’Connor’s classic short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, will be compared and contrasted with Ha Jin’s ,†Decade† and â€Å"The Richest Man†. Just as Greg Orwell†¦show more content†¦As a last effort to spare her own life she goes to touch â€Å"The Misfit† but, he is startled and he shoots her three times. It is that moment where the quote that embodies the entire story is let out by â€Å"The Misfit† in which he says, She would of been a good woman...if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life. (O’Connor, Pg 28). This quote embodies a scary yet real view on if someone is living in fear throughout their lives, they will do their best to be a good person out of fear of the repercussions (death in this case). This is portrayed in political views and societies in which people have been jailed and murdered for either speaking toward their government or committing a crime in the eyes of their government. For the members of such societies it as though their is a gun to their heads and if they act out of line the repercussions will be severe. Conservative vs. Communist View â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, was written in the 1950s, so the view of someone is looking over someone else was common due the â€Å"Red Scare†(Hi story, 2010). Americans were constantly in fear, just as everyone was of â€Å"The Misfit†, who in turn could be looked at as apart Communism in itself for it was fear he lived through as his own men feared him as well as the entire country. The grandmother could be argued to be apart of Communism as well for she seemingly led her family down a meaningless path which only ledShow MoreRelatedTrends in Hotel Industry13993 Words   |  56 Pagestreating tourists. Helped With unique efforts by government and all other stakeholders, including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travel operators and employees who work in the sector, Indian hospitality industry has gained a level of acceptance world over. It has yet to go miles for recognition as a world leader of hospitality. Many take Indian hospitality service not for its quality of service but India being a cheap destination for leisure tourism. | | With unlimited tourism and

Drug Related Problems Free Essays

Drug related problem Drug related problems (DRPs) are prevalent and causing considerable patient morbidity and mortality. Many of these DRPs are preventable through following the guidelines and rational drug used. There are many factors controlling the DRP occurrence such as patient age, disease status, drug characteristics, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Related Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now High risk factors 1. Elderly (gt; 65 years); due to age related changes in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics 2. Acute diseases such as acute renal failure, sepsis, etc†¦ 3. Patients with many chronic diseases; diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, liver problem, AIDS, etc†¦ 4. Patients with renal impairment or haemodialysis 5. Patients in special situations; pregnancy, lactation, 6. Certain diseases and their medications: cancer, diabetes, heart failure. 7. Polypharmacy (taken many drugs gt; 5 drugs) 8. Drug; certain drug classes are commonly involved e. g. Warfarin, insulin, digoxin, TCAs, etc†¦ Classification of drug-related problems 1. Inappropriate drug choice: Unjustified deviation from management guidelines consensus therapeutic can worsen the condition. Deviations that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goal and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. Antibiotic used for viral infection. Furosemide prescribed for patient with hypokalemia). 2. Lack of necessary drug: Either one or more drugs are missing according to established guidelines or a medical problem is being treated with too little of the appropriate drug (under-prescribed) or appropriate drugs may be not used for maximum effectiveness. Moreover, duration of treatment may be too short which can lead to incomplete treatment. Deviations from guidelines that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goals and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. B-blockers in heart failure or post-MI, stop diuretic before edema treated or loop diuretic used only for resistant edema). 3. Unnecessary drug and Duplication: A drug is unnecessary if the indication is no longer present, with continuation/prolonged use or double prescription of two or more drugs from the same therapeutic group or gives the same result. This intensifies their therapeutic effect and side effects. Duplication also can occur when more than one physician prescribes medications to a single patient or when a patient takes over-the-counter drugs with the same active ingredient (e. g. Long-term antibiotic prescribed for simple infection. Used of Ibuprofen and diclofenac concomitantly. 4. Incomplete medication history taking: Inappropriate integration of patient’s medical history can lead to many interactions due to lack of patient’s information such as hypersensitivity â€Å"medication allergy†, other diseases, OTC or herbal and medication used (e. g. Patient has allergy to penicillin). 5. Inappropriate dose or regimen: Dosing too high (overdose) or too low dose. Suboptimal dosing (including dosing time and formulation) according to established national/international guidelines, including frequency of dosing or duration of therapy. Deviations that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goal and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. too high ACE inhibitor dose prescribed in relation to kidney function. Too low paracetamol dose use in relation to symptom-giving arthritis). . Adverse drug reaction (ADR): Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug, which occurs at doses in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy (e. g. orthostatic hypotension happens with blood pressure lowering drug or intolerance dry cough due to ACE inhibitor). 7. Interaction: Drug–drug interaction, drug-food interaction, drug-disease interaction, drug-herbal, etc†¦ An interaction is occurring when the effe ct of a drug is changed by the presence of another drug, food, drink, herbal or some environmental chemical agent. Drug combinations with intended overall effect are not considered to be DRP (e. g. Drug–drug interaction; Furosemide and digitalis (increased effect/toxicity of digitalis with hypokalemia). Drug-food interaction; Amiodarone and Grapefruit, Grapefruit and Simvastatin (increase drug serum concentrations), or Tetracycline and calcium. Drug-disease interaction; used NSAIDs in chronic renal impairment). 8. Discontinuation of needed medication: Some times discontinuation of medication without reasonable medical indication can lead to therapeutic failure or a problem in treatment plan. In addition, stop some medications before controlling the disease or have good monitoring method can lead to failure in treatment plan (e. g. discontinue antibiotic before finishing its therapeutic course or stop Heparin injection before or just on start of Warfarin). 9. Contraindication: the used of some drugs are prohibited for some patients because to harmful risks of using these drugs are exceeding the benefits of their effect (e. g. ACE inhibitor uses in treating high blood pressure in a pregnant lady or using sulfa-drug in G6PD deficiency patients). 10. Abrupt stoppage medication: for certain medications, abrupt stopping can exacerbate the problem or lead to complications related to drug. The stopping process should be gradually (e. g. abruptly stopping B-blocker in MI patients or stopping Corticosteroid suddenly). 11. Untreated medical conditions: can lead to worsening of the disease or may lead to more serious problems (e. g. untreated dyslipidemia in patients with other risk factors). 12. Lack of necessary monitoring: Monitoring with respect to effects and toxicity of drugs is not done or does not adhere to guidelines (e. . INR for Warfarin. Thyroid function tests in patients taking levothyroxine 13. Others: In general, DRPs that do not belong to aforementioned categories. References 1. Bemt P and Egberts A (2007) Drug-related problems: definitions and classification. Journal of European Association of hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), 13, pp 62-64. 1. Lee S, Schwemm A, Reist J, Cantrell M, Andreski M, Doucette W, Chrischilles E and F arris K (2009) Pharmacists’ and pharmacy students’ ability to identify drug-related problems using TIMER (tool to improve medications in the elderly via review). American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73, 3, pp 52-62 2. PCNE Classification for drug related problems (2006) Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation. Available from World Wide Web: http://www. pcne. org/dokumenter/DRP/PCNE %20classification%20V5. 01. pdf 2. Ruscin M (2009) Drug-Related Problems in the Elderly. Merck, Available from World Wide Web: http://www. merck. com/mmpe/sec23/ch341/ch341e. html 3. Ruths S, Viktil KK, Blix HS. Classification of drug-related problems. Tidsskr Nor Leageforen 2007; 127: 3073–6 Prescription Auditing Sheet Patients Name Age: years Drug related problem: |Inappropriate drug choice |Lack of necessary drug | |Unnecessary drug and Duplication |Incomplete medication history taking | |5. Inappropriate dose or regimen |6. Adverse drug reaction | |7. Interaction |8. Discontinuation of needed medication | |9. Contraindication |10. Abrupt stoppage medication | |11. Untreated medical condition |12. Lack of necessary monitoring | |13. Others | | Specification of the problem (and intervention if any): )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Patient Resume Age: Sex: Drug Allergies: Medical History – – – – – – – Medication History – – – – – Laboratory Data base How to cite Drug Related Problems, Papers

Value Chain Management Chemical Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Chain Management Chemical Industry? Answer: Introduction Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication companies in Australia. It was founded in June 1975 under Australian Telecommunication commission .The name Telstra comes from the word telecom Australia which was used domestically when trading while internationally the company used Telstra. A uniform branding was established to Telstra in 1995. They have concentrated their business on entertainment and Telecommuinicaion.The Company ensures customer satisfaction at the same time reducing operation cost. Michael porter came up with the best definition of Value chain management (Gereffi 2014). According to his definition he referred it as a whole series of activities that is involved in creation and building of value at each single step. Michael porters value chain consist of several activities which include inbound logistics, outbound and sales and marketing Telstra have retained their market share by optimizing on marketing the products and services. They have a large network hence they are able to reach as many potential customers as they can. Telstra value chain management have followed porter laws of value chain management to ensure they have increased sales. Inbound logistics Inbound logistics is the process that unstintingly incorporates the steps of receiving, storing and the internal distribution of raw stuff or primary ingredients to a service or product. With Porter this an essential process to the creation of value for a product. It involves arranging the movement of materials from suppliers to assembly plants or the manufactures. The operations are concern of management in three process of conversion from raw materials to finished goods (Kannegiesser 2008). Telstra limited applies this process through to acquisition and exploration of materials for the production process of the product, this is exerted through the adoption of a disciplined advance to coping with risk at the same time increasing stockholder value. The exploration process itself is centered on establishing a material parity global portfolio to allow a growth in the future opportunities to the business. Outbound logistics Outbound logistics. This is concerned with movement of products or finished goods and their storage. Sales and marketing entails the process of selling services or products in exchange of offerings that is valuable for clients, customers and the community at large. To make their exploration process easier the company has segmented the cognitive process into different areas marketing, telecommunication, data and IP networks managing and unifying networks. Telstra exploration apart from Australia like Canada, Asia, and Indonesia. The company has laid down exploration strategies to facilitate this process which include among them growing portfolio profundity and optionality, detection of other commercial entertainment areas together with consistency in expatriate and commercial excellence. Finally service entails all activities which are essential to be put in place for effective working of the product (Poirier 2009). Support activities This involves Infrastructure, legal, financial, quality assurance, public relations, general statistics and quality assurance. Technological development which comprises of hardware, procedures, software and knowledge in transformation of inputs and outputs of affirm. Human resource management which comprises activities of hiring, firing, training recruiting and compensation and where necessary dismissing personnel. Lastly procurement involving acquisition of goods work or services from external sources. It is clear that the essence of supply chain management is definitely a representation of Telstra network of organization s involved through downstream and upstream of linkages, in process of making quality value of products to the customers. A supply chain can also be referred as inter organizational supply chain, in broad sense we can say it is an interlink of more than one companies. The activities of generic value adding in an organization can be further be categorized into two main category of activity sets (Beamon 2009). Traditional or physical value chain they are activities performed with an aim of enhancing a product. This leads to achievement of goals by a company. Virtue value chain-they are computer based systems that has led to totally new horizons of market space kin todays business. Also known as cyber market space. Marketing and sales The company is constantly coming up with new trends and adopting technology in order to boost sales in the market. Customer trends and the ever changing environment is a constant problem to the company. Competition has also affected the sales of the company services around the globe. In the last financial year the company the company had a total revenue of 27.1 billion dollars and a total profit of 5.8 billion dollars in all its products which include fixed line, internet, and network services, pay TV and data services. Marketing, trading, and shipping is another value chain according to Porters, which is the process of ordering products and services into commercialization involving management of customer relationships. Telstra bolsters their trading and marketing capabilities plus establishing their reputation as the dependable supplier. The process has been successfully through transitioning of seller based portfolio, their strong relationship with customers from Asia also based on established track record of authentic delivery. For example in 2011, Telstra limited established a merchandising group in Asia to extend marketing, shipping, trading capabilities. The objective which is in control of all undevout in a chain management is always regarded increasing competition. The reason behind it is the competition of the services and products in eyes of the coustomers.in real sense to convince an independent company to join a supply chain needs a win-win situation for the companies which belong to the supply chain in the wrong run whereas in the short run this may not be possible in all the entities. There are two wide means of improving competition in a chain management. Integration of organizations involved material coordination, financial flows as well as information. Services Telstra has operation all around the world. Some of their services run 24 hour a day the whole week especially the network systems. The company owns and maintain most of the public telephones in Auatralia.The Company owns 7,400 base station worldwide. This illustrates the house of supply management. The roof lays for the extreme objective of the SCM-Competitiveness. Competitiveness van be improved in various was such as reducing the price of the products, increasing the flexibility in the same proportion as the changes in the demands of the customers or availing a product that is superior quality of goods and services. The two major parts incurring some degree of novelty shall in this text be broken down to a certain degree of building blocks. To start, forming a partnership demands that selection of suitable partner be made for an average partnership. Then, becoming a successful and effective organization in the networking requires that there is a lot of collaboration between the organizations. Supply chain optimization is the use of a tool and other related processes to facilitate that the optimal returns are realized from the methods that is being used in the supply of the products. In Telstra it involves optimal allocation of the inventory between the supply chain and the costs of operation such as the transportation cost, manufacturing cost and the cost of distribution. In most cases the new techniques involve simulation using a computer aided program. The main concern in this process is to ensure that the nosiness is run and the model used in the supply of the goods is as effective as possible, also creating a reliable process where the supply is made as soon as possible without unnecessary delays. Support Activities Human resource management in Porters activities entails the support activities where the key element is the development of the manpower within an organization examples of the activities are training, recruitment of staff and coaching staff, Telstra limited protects people, their reputation livelihood by continuously amending their full-bodied security and response capabilities emergencies. The human resources are very key to the performance of an organization, it is well understood that human resource work on the final products delivered to customers. The value chain systems which involves a set of organization activities their success rest upon the performance of the individuals within the supply chain. Human resource functions array from development of Human resource schemes, recruitment to selection compensation and benefits to workforce and lastly management change and the relationship within the organization (labor relations) when all activities are applied to value chain manage ment it results into lots of benefits; identification of training objectives and needs precisely for value chain office and formulation of blueprint to align the needs, identification and training staff to meet the positions skills and lastly human resource practices being a vital value chain factor can be used to unify the supply chain , because of business environment complexities consisting of product life oscillations , outsourcing and globalization the practices can be implemented to motivate value chain partners to establish valuable relationships between firms. The outcome enhances competitive advantage. The company operates beneath all peril emergence model which enables worldwide practical responses, in place they also hold effective controlled security and risk management strategies which acts as a form of preparedness in responding cases of hydrocarbon spillages. Lastly, the company furnishes leadership in the barring and detection to and responding to the corruption of fraud. Michael Porter, in his analysis he explains a value chain contains a collection of all the elements illustrated in the paper to be the ones to establish a value for the customers. The prosperity of any business requires full optimization of key-value chain areas by exhausting all the resourceful areas. The specific areas help a business to target the most beneficial areas. The most strategic factors Telstra limited can base on in optimizing value chain could be science and technology, marketing trading and shipping together with Human resource factors. Technology Telstra limited are adopting measures all-around value chain to modify investment in the development of network applications. This operational technology aims to affirm operational success and curb exploration, production and development costs. Advanced analytics procedures hare to be built of statistical tools which are updated with data from live streaming connecting people from all over the world. This program aids in making decisions in operations and engineering teams in a dimension of initiatives among them optimization, planning, surveillance and processes of control and maintenance. Technology also facilitates a reduction in operational cost for existing business by through innovation of solutions, for example, the invention of 3D printing program which has the capability to minimize operating costs by ensuring the spares on demand are printed. The 3D program in a speedy manner reproduces parts by inducing the prototyping, deployment, and testing of the new gas litigated tech nology. The science and technology has helped Telstra limited to inquire exploration and development of economical offshore among the technologies include development in network application technologies, e-health care services ,online sales, software and video delivery. To ensure consistency in innovations Telstra limited in 2011 the set aside a future lab to actively strengthen the environment of scientific and innovation technology by collaborating with institutions of research. Procurement Procurement is the process of acquiring raw materials, supplies and assets. The move to global market has helped the company to cut cost on acquiring raw material and supplies. They have also outsourced their network maintenance and installation to companies like ABB communications and Siemens (STCJV). Another factor to be fully optimized is the marketing, trading and shipping of products and services. Marketing implicates strategies on the overall product portfolio and customers operative orientations. Marketing research acquires an increasing importance due to changes in seller markets to buyer markets (Wohe 2008). Markets have shifted from extra demand of insufficient supply to excess supply in the competition of saturated markets. Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization (Kotler et al. 2005).To increase the performance of the company marketing can be integrated along the five-piece of marketing which are the product, promotion, price and place (Kotler et al. 2008). Therefore marketing structure which is an interface to customers determine the product function together with pricing above all the place strategy with rega rd sales channels, for example, Telstra could implement the marketing strategies through web-based shops, wholesalers and direct sales. Lastly marketing structures the channeling function to distribute products to customers. Infrastructure Science and technology this activity relate to establishing of the services and products some externally and internally. For example, IT, development of modern products grounded on current technology, technological innovations according to Porter all this value is created through optimization and innovation. Now Telstra limited, claims problems in business are lowered by innovation solutions which then reduces their cost of supply thereby resulting in growth and optimization of their broader strategy. Telstra activities have therefore been strategized into four categories; upstream technology, subsurface technology, downstream technology and lastly disruptive and innovative technology. These strategies help the company to reduce lifting cost while protecting eminent reliability, they have 3D machines for printing programs which get rid of operating costs by providing spares when on demand and also their cognitive computation capacity save time, reduce cost and drive efficiency (Cox 2 009). Strategic approaches to optimize value chain Telstra has managed to improve it relationship with other global supplier to boost its business growth and performance. The core competence of Telstra are using new innovations and technology , improving suppliers relationship by improving supplier relationship management(SRM) and expanding to global market to attract more customers. Telstra has managed to acquire supplier relationship management team to expand sales and growth revenues. The main aim of this is to develop new products and services. Maximizing the relationship with the suppliers will enable the company to meet customers expectation. The company has cooperated with both local and international suppliers to meet the customers expectation. Telstra has gone to the international market to expand it business and to attract more customer. This has enabled the company to acquire more customer and to boost the revenue. The global market has put the company at a competitive advantage over the other companies due to the new markets. It has also enabled the company to improve its services due to the high demand and competition. The company has adapted new technology to deliver high quality services to the customers. The new technology has improved communication and the also the customer experience .This has resulted into the company acquiring new market and increase in sales. New business growth Primary activities are considered to have a prompt effect on the production, sales, maintenance and supporting of services or products supplied. Telstra limited value chain consists of exploring the materials, developing the product, producing a refined product and lastly supplying the product to the target market. According to Porter, the primary activities entails a list of elements as follows; The second activity is the production process, this is founded on production floor operating from the production line, and it changes over inputs of services and products into semifinal or almost completed products. It is considered that operational systems are the channeling principle to the conceptualization of value. The expansion of the company to other global market has enabled the company to increase sales and get a bigger portion of the market share. This has increased revenue of the company. The expansion has also enabled the company to create employment increasing the number of employees to 13000.This has boosted the economy of the new region. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience Telstra limited is the largest entertainment company in Australia and the company accommodates customers around the globe enabling production process through closely working cropped and other articulated venture participants, governments, suppliers and communities to achieve the chance across the lifecycle development. Having such services within the organization they get an upper hand it is required of them to have a well efficient value chain Therefore for the process to be carried on, it requires approval thereafter for the materials to move into product execution. Telstra limited has expanded its network application services to Asia-Pacific region which has contributed to increased opportunities. As the largest distributer of network application services, it's considered one of the best world facility. The project supplies entertainment and network services to international markets and Australia generally from vast enterprise as well as the global market. Underneath the Telstra f unctioning, the project bears a maintained record to reliable production and delivery for a period of 30 years and more. Risks in value chain management of the firm In a research conducted by Deloitte two thirds of the respondents identified risk in supply chain management this is equivalent to 63 percent. The global research revealed that the supply chain management has become costly over the past three years. In the Telstra, while identifying risks in supply chain it is important to consider the two types of risks and include them in a risk management plan. These are; internal risks which are in reach of your control and external controls which are not in reach of your control. Chain optimization. It is briefly the use of tools and processes in ensuring optimal operation in making and distribution in a supply chain .According to Telstra records it entails placement of stock in the chain reducing cost of operations.it entails use of computer software while applying techniques of mathematics model. Most importantly the supply has been managers aim is to maximize profit in both the manufacturing and distribution supply chains. Thus they must include measures such as maximizing gross margin return on stock or inventory invested, minimizing operating expenses, or maximizing GP. Of the finished products supplied through the supply chain.it also addresses the problem that may occur in delivering of product at a lower cost but at high profit. Among the most effective way of saving money in distribution is by optimizing transportation and storage cost by means of packaging size.it is evident that optimization of supply chain is applicable in all industries distributing and manufacturin g including industrial products, retail, and etcetera (D'heur 2015). During the optimization the techniques used are said to be credible academically.in relation to that several companies has been adopted from academic research projects or consultants. The techniques are commercially effective since significant and measurable benefits are evident. This comes from lower logistics and reduced inventory costing levels. Various routines in supply chain management allows gain of competitive advantage by companies through increasing effectiveness as well as measurable savings. Big data analytics for data driven forecasting In summary, the ability to manipulate larger data bases in speed has contributed to a new breed of optimization solutions. The algorithms applied equivalent to those that make decisions concerning financial investment; the analogy becomes simple since the inventory is termed as an investment of the forthcoming return on sales. Most vendors offer chain optimization as a solution and also run for their clients as application service providers. Telstra Company, is the leading company in telecommunication. Analysis using porters five forces Porters five forces is a model that describes the understanding of competition forces for work within an industry and also illustrate the economic value division between industry actors. The five competitive forces include the threat by substitute services and products, the bargaining ability of suppliers, threat of new entrants, the bargaining ability of buyers and lastly competitors between existing competitors. The five forces of porter have benefited much value chain management systems; Core competence and outsourcing other services The core competence has enabled the company to among the leading in telecommunication all over the world. The involvement of the company with the supplier management team has resulted into low bargaining power which has given the company a competitive advantage. The competitive advantage has enabled the company to provide better services to the client in region. The expansion of the company to the global market has increased productivity and the customer base has resulted into low threat of substitute products and services. The company has utilized the use of new technology to improve the services which has narrowed down entry of new companies into the market. The new technology which is also expensive has enabled the company to provide better services for the customers and also has reduce the entry of new companies in the market. The use of supplier management team has also accumulated its own problems in that the team may delay in delivery of goods or services. The shortage will results into competitive disadvantages. This will also affect the delivery of services to the customers which may result in high bargaining power of the clients due to the availability of a close substitute. Business growth. Telstra has expanded into other global territories which has it advantages and disadvantages. The new territories had other established network owners such as Vodafone, Virgin mobile and Optus. This will trigger high competitive rivalry due to the crumble of customers in the region. High competition results into high threat of substitutes. Some of the customers will remain loyal to their previous providers hence the bargaining power of customer will be high. Telstra improving their technology will help reduce the rivalry among the competitor since they will be on another level than the competitors which will reduce the bargaining power of the users. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience The company has team which studies the market and comes up with new innovations and technology to increase sales and to attract more customers. Using new technology will enable the company to have a more competitive advantage over the rival companies and will reduce the bargaining power of the consumers as they offer better services than the other companies. The entry of new markets means the company has little information about the new consumer hence it will take time for the company to get enough customer share as other rival companies in the market hence the other companies will have a higher competitive advantage over Telstra. The competition will enable the client to have a high bargaining power due to the availability of multiple close substitutes. Conclusion Telstra value chain activities are the guiding principles to the formulation of strategic and operational decisions within an organization. It is the one of the largest telecommunication companies, besides that it is listed in Australian security exchange and its headquarters are in Melbourne. Telstra has operating activities in a number of international regions including Indonesia, Asia-pacific, Europe and America. The company is involved in sale and distribution of network application, software, online sales, video delivery and business solutions such as data and IP networks, cloud, industry solutions and integrated services. This has contributed very much to its success because their constant supply which has created loyalty among its customers. Most considerably, the company has created confidence to their customers by becoming the most reliable company in Australia as far as petroleum is concerned. Over years it has thrived in the market and it has remained steady up to date. Ge nerally, supply in both manufacturing and distribution industries since customers attention is always attracted by constant availability of the products. Telstra limited achieves the workflow in the organization by linking system actions with each other and demonstrating the on cost and benefits, therefore it clearly indicates the source of value and amounts loss is ascertained within the organization (Sabri 2010). References Chyi Lee, C. and Yang, J., 2007. Knowledge value chain.Journal of management development,19(9), pp.783-794. Blanchard, D. (2007). Supply chain management: best practices. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Beamon, B.M., 2009. Measuring supply chain performance.International journal of operations production management,19(3), pp.275-292. Kannegiesser, M. (2008). Value chain management in the chemical industry global value chain planning in commodities. Contributions to management science. Heidelberg, Physica-Verlag. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4.4 (2009): 167-175. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. D'heur, M. (2015). Sustainable value chain management: delivering sustainability through the core business. Poirier, C. C. (2009). Advanced supply chain management: how to build a sustained competitive advantage. San Francisco, CA, Berrett-Kochler Publishers. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. Cox A. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal. 2007Oct 1;4(4):167-75. Cox, A., 2009. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal, 4(4), pp.167-175. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4, no. 4 (2008): 167-175. Gereffi, G., 2014. Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), pp.9-37. Gereffi, G. (2014). Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 9-37.

Value Chain Management Chemical Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Chain Management Chemical Industry? Answer: Introduction Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication companies in Australia. It was founded in June 1975 under Australian Telecommunication commission .The name Telstra comes from the word telecom Australia which was used domestically when trading while internationally the company used Telstra. A uniform branding was established to Telstra in 1995. They have concentrated their business on entertainment and Telecommuinicaion.The Company ensures customer satisfaction at the same time reducing operation cost. Michael porter came up with the best definition of Value chain management (Gereffi 2014). According to his definition he referred it as a whole series of activities that is involved in creation and building of value at each single step. Michael porters value chain consist of several activities which include inbound logistics, outbound and sales and marketing Telstra have retained their market share by optimizing on marketing the products and services. They have a large network hence they are able to reach as many potential customers as they can. Telstra value chain management have followed porter laws of value chain management to ensure they have increased sales. Inbound logistics Inbound logistics is the process that unstintingly incorporates the steps of receiving, storing and the internal distribution of raw stuff or primary ingredients to a service or product. With Porter this an essential process to the creation of value for a product. It involves arranging the movement of materials from suppliers to assembly plants or the manufactures. The operations are concern of management in three process of conversion from raw materials to finished goods (Kannegiesser 2008). Telstra limited applies this process through to acquisition and exploration of materials for the production process of the product, this is exerted through the adoption of a disciplined advance to coping with risk at the same time increasing stockholder value. The exploration process itself is centered on establishing a material parity global portfolio to allow a growth in the future opportunities to the business. Outbound logistics Outbound logistics. This is concerned with movement of products or finished goods and their storage. Sales and marketing entails the process of selling services or products in exchange of offerings that is valuable for clients, customers and the community at large. To make their exploration process easier the company has segmented the cognitive process into different areas marketing, telecommunication, data and IP networks managing and unifying networks. Telstra exploration apart from Australia like Canada, Asia, and Indonesia. The company has laid down exploration strategies to facilitate this process which include among them growing portfolio profundity and optionality, detection of other commercial entertainment areas together with consistency in expatriate and commercial excellence. Finally service entails all activities which are essential to be put in place for effective working of the product (Poirier 2009). Support activities This involves Infrastructure, legal, financial, quality assurance, public relations, general statistics and quality assurance. Technological development which comprises of hardware, procedures, software and knowledge in transformation of inputs and outputs of affirm. Human resource management which comprises activities of hiring, firing, training recruiting and compensation and where necessary dismissing personnel. Lastly procurement involving acquisition of goods work or services from external sources. It is clear that the essence of supply chain management is definitely a representation of Telstra network of organization s involved through downstream and upstream of linkages, in process of making quality value of products to the customers. A supply chain can also be referred as inter organizational supply chain, in broad sense we can say it is an interlink of more than one companies. The activities of generic value adding in an organization can be further be categorized into two main category of activity sets (Beamon 2009). Traditional or physical value chain they are activities performed with an aim of enhancing a product. This leads to achievement of goals by a company. Virtue value chain-they are computer based systems that has led to totally new horizons of market space kin todays business. Also known as cyber market space. Marketing and sales The company is constantly coming up with new trends and adopting technology in order to boost sales in the market. Customer trends and the ever changing environment is a constant problem to the company. Competition has also affected the sales of the company services around the globe. In the last financial year the company the company had a total revenue of 27.1 billion dollars and a total profit of 5.8 billion dollars in all its products which include fixed line, internet, and network services, pay TV and data services. Marketing, trading, and shipping is another value chain according to Porters, which is the process of ordering products and services into commercialization involving management of customer relationships. Telstra bolsters their trading and marketing capabilities plus establishing their reputation as the dependable supplier. The process has been successfully through transitioning of seller based portfolio, their strong relationship with customers from Asia also based on established track record of authentic delivery. For example in 2011, Telstra limited established a merchandising group in Asia to extend marketing, shipping, trading capabilities. The objective which is in control of all undevout in a chain management is always regarded increasing competition. The reason behind it is the competition of the services and products in eyes of the coustomers.in real sense to convince an independent company to join a supply chain needs a win-win situation for the companies which belong to the supply chain in the wrong run whereas in the short run this may not be possible in all the entities. There are two wide means of improving competition in a chain management. Integration of organizations involved material coordination, financial flows as well as information. Services Telstra has operation all around the world. Some of their services run 24 hour a day the whole week especially the network systems. The company owns and maintain most of the public telephones in Auatralia.The Company owns 7,400 base station worldwide. This illustrates the house of supply management. The roof lays for the extreme objective of the SCM-Competitiveness. Competitiveness van be improved in various was such as reducing the price of the products, increasing the flexibility in the same proportion as the changes in the demands of the customers or availing a product that is superior quality of goods and services. The two major parts incurring some degree of novelty shall in this text be broken down to a certain degree of building blocks. To start, forming a partnership demands that selection of suitable partner be made for an average partnership. Then, becoming a successful and effective organization in the networking requires that there is a lot of collaboration between the organizations. Supply chain optimization is the use of a tool and other related processes to facilitate that the optimal returns are realized from the methods that is being used in the supply of the products. In Telstra it involves optimal allocation of the inventory between the supply chain and the costs of operation such as the transportation cost, manufacturing cost and the cost of distribution. In most cases the new techniques involve simulation using a computer aided program. The main concern in this process is to ensure that the nosiness is run and the model used in the supply of the goods is as effective as possible, also creating a reliable process where the supply is made as soon as possible without unnecessary delays. Support Activities Human resource management in Porters activities entails the support activities where the key element is the development of the manpower within an organization examples of the activities are training, recruitment of staff and coaching staff, Telstra limited protects people, their reputation livelihood by continuously amending their full-bodied security and response capabilities emergencies. The human resources are very key to the performance of an organization, it is well understood that human resource work on the final products delivered to customers. The value chain systems which involves a set of organization activities their success rest upon the performance of the individuals within the supply chain. Human resource functions array from development of Human resource schemes, recruitment to selection compensation and benefits to workforce and lastly management change and the relationship within the organization (labor relations) when all activities are applied to value chain manage ment it results into lots of benefits; identification of training objectives and needs precisely for value chain office and formulation of blueprint to align the needs, identification and training staff to meet the positions skills and lastly human resource practices being a vital value chain factor can be used to unify the supply chain , because of business environment complexities consisting of product life oscillations , outsourcing and globalization the practices can be implemented to motivate value chain partners to establish valuable relationships between firms. The outcome enhances competitive advantage. The company operates beneath all peril emergence model which enables worldwide practical responses, in place they also hold effective controlled security and risk management strategies which acts as a form of preparedness in responding cases of hydrocarbon spillages. Lastly, the company furnishes leadership in the barring and detection to and responding to the corruption of fraud. Michael Porter, in his analysis he explains a value chain contains a collection of all the elements illustrated in the paper to be the ones to establish a value for the customers. The prosperity of any business requires full optimization of key-value chain areas by exhausting all the resourceful areas. The specific areas help a business to target the most beneficial areas. The most strategic factors Telstra limited can base on in optimizing value chain could be science and technology, marketing trading and shipping together with Human resource factors. Technology Telstra limited are adopting measures all-around value chain to modify investment in the development of network applications. This operational technology aims to affirm operational success and curb exploration, production and development costs. Advanced analytics procedures hare to be built of statistical tools which are updated with data from live streaming connecting people from all over the world. This program aids in making decisions in operations and engineering teams in a dimension of initiatives among them optimization, planning, surveillance and processes of control and maintenance. Technology also facilitates a reduction in operational cost for existing business by through innovation of solutions, for example, the invention of 3D printing program which has the capability to minimize operating costs by ensuring the spares on demand are printed. The 3D program in a speedy manner reproduces parts by inducing the prototyping, deployment, and testing of the new gas litigated tech nology. The science and technology has helped Telstra limited to inquire exploration and development of economical offshore among the technologies include development in network application technologies, e-health care services ,online sales, software and video delivery. To ensure consistency in innovations Telstra limited in 2011 the set aside a future lab to actively strengthen the environment of scientific and innovation technology by collaborating with institutions of research. Procurement Procurement is the process of acquiring raw materials, supplies and assets. The move to global market has helped the company to cut cost on acquiring raw material and supplies. They have also outsourced their network maintenance and installation to companies like ABB communications and Siemens (STCJV). Another factor to be fully optimized is the marketing, trading and shipping of products and services. Marketing implicates strategies on the overall product portfolio and customers operative orientations. Marketing research acquires an increasing importance due to changes in seller markets to buyer markets (Wohe 2008). Markets have shifted from extra demand of insufficient supply to excess supply in the competition of saturated markets. Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization (Kotler et al. 2005).To increase the performance of the company marketing can be integrated along the five-piece of marketing which are the product, promotion, price and place (Kotler et al. 2008). Therefore marketing structure which is an interface to customers determine the product function together with pricing above all the place strategy with rega rd sales channels, for example, Telstra could implement the marketing strategies through web-based shops, wholesalers and direct sales. Lastly marketing structures the channeling function to distribute products to customers. Infrastructure Science and technology this activity relate to establishing of the services and products some externally and internally. For example, IT, development of modern products grounded on current technology, technological innovations according to Porter all this value is created through optimization and innovation. Now Telstra limited, claims problems in business are lowered by innovation solutions which then reduces their cost of supply thereby resulting in growth and optimization of their broader strategy. Telstra activities have therefore been strategized into four categories; upstream technology, subsurface technology, downstream technology and lastly disruptive and innovative technology. These strategies help the company to reduce lifting cost while protecting eminent reliability, they have 3D machines for printing programs which get rid of operating costs by providing spares when on demand and also their cognitive computation capacity save time, reduce cost and drive efficiency (Cox 2 009). Strategic approaches to optimize value chain Telstra has managed to improve it relationship with other global supplier to boost its business growth and performance. The core competence of Telstra are using new innovations and technology , improving suppliers relationship by improving supplier relationship management(SRM) and expanding to global market to attract more customers. Telstra has managed to acquire supplier relationship management team to expand sales and growth revenues. The main aim of this is to develop new products and services. Maximizing the relationship with the suppliers will enable the company to meet customers expectation. The company has cooperated with both local and international suppliers to meet the customers expectation. Telstra has gone to the international market to expand it business and to attract more customer. This has enabled the company to acquire more customer and to boost the revenue. The global market has put the company at a competitive advantage over the other companies due to the new markets. It has also enabled the company to improve its services due to the high demand and competition. The company has adapted new technology to deliver high quality services to the customers. The new technology has improved communication and the also the customer experience .This has resulted into the company acquiring new market and increase in sales. New business growth Primary activities are considered to have a prompt effect on the production, sales, maintenance and supporting of services or products supplied. Telstra limited value chain consists of exploring the materials, developing the product, producing a refined product and lastly supplying the product to the target market. According to Porter, the primary activities entails a list of elements as follows; The second activity is the production process, this is founded on production floor operating from the production line, and it changes over inputs of services and products into semifinal or almost completed products. It is considered that operational systems are the channeling principle to the conceptualization of value. The expansion of the company to other global market has enabled the company to increase sales and get a bigger portion of the market share. This has increased revenue of the company. The expansion has also enabled the company to create employment increasing the number of employees to 13000.This has boosted the economy of the new region. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience Telstra limited is the largest entertainment company in Australia and the company accommodates customers around the globe enabling production process through closely working cropped and other articulated venture participants, governments, suppliers and communities to achieve the chance across the lifecycle development. Having such services within the organization they get an upper hand it is required of them to have a well efficient value chain Therefore for the process to be carried on, it requires approval thereafter for the materials to move into product execution. Telstra limited has expanded its network application services to Asia-Pacific region which has contributed to increased opportunities. As the largest distributer of network application services, it's considered one of the best world facility. The project supplies entertainment and network services to international markets and Australia generally from vast enterprise as well as the global market. Underneath the Telstra f unctioning, the project bears a maintained record to reliable production and delivery for a period of 30 years and more. Risks in value chain management of the firm In a research conducted by Deloitte two thirds of the respondents identified risk in supply chain management this is equivalent to 63 percent. The global research revealed that the supply chain management has become costly over the past three years. In the Telstra, while identifying risks in supply chain it is important to consider the two types of risks and include them in a risk management plan. These are; internal risks which are in reach of your control and external controls which are not in reach of your control. Chain optimization. It is briefly the use of tools and processes in ensuring optimal operation in making and distribution in a supply chain .According to Telstra records it entails placement of stock in the chain reducing cost of operations.it entails use of computer software while applying techniques of mathematics model. Most importantly the supply has been managers aim is to maximize profit in both the manufacturing and distribution supply chains. Thus they must include measures such as maximizing gross margin return on stock or inventory invested, minimizing operating expenses, or maximizing GP. Of the finished products supplied through the supply chain.it also addresses the problem that may occur in delivering of product at a lower cost but at high profit. Among the most effective way of saving money in distribution is by optimizing transportation and storage cost by means of packaging size.it is evident that optimization of supply chain is applicable in all industries distributing and manufacturin g including industrial products, retail, and etcetera (D'heur 2015). During the optimization the techniques used are said to be credible academically.in relation to that several companies has been adopted from academic research projects or consultants. The techniques are commercially effective since significant and measurable benefits are evident. This comes from lower logistics and reduced inventory costing levels. Various routines in supply chain management allows gain of competitive advantage by companies through increasing effectiveness as well as measurable savings. Big data analytics for data driven forecasting In summary, the ability to manipulate larger data bases in speed has contributed to a new breed of optimization solutions. The algorithms applied equivalent to those that make decisions concerning financial investment; the analogy becomes simple since the inventory is termed as an investment of the forthcoming return on sales. Most vendors offer chain optimization as a solution and also run for their clients as application service providers. Telstra Company, is the leading company in telecommunication. Analysis using porters five forces Porters five forces is a model that describes the understanding of competition forces for work within an industry and also illustrate the economic value division between industry actors. The five competitive forces include the threat by substitute services and products, the bargaining ability of suppliers, threat of new entrants, the bargaining ability of buyers and lastly competitors between existing competitors. The five forces of porter have benefited much value chain management systems; Core competence and outsourcing other services The core competence has enabled the company to among the leading in telecommunication all over the world. The involvement of the company with the supplier management team has resulted into low bargaining power which has given the company a competitive advantage. The competitive advantage has enabled the company to provide better services to the client in region. The expansion of the company to the global market has increased productivity and the customer base has resulted into low threat of substitute products and services. The company has utilized the use of new technology to improve the services which has narrowed down entry of new companies into the market. The new technology which is also expensive has enabled the company to provide better services for the customers and also has reduce the entry of new companies in the market. The use of supplier management team has also accumulated its own problems in that the team may delay in delivery of goods or services. The shortage will results into competitive disadvantages. This will also affect the delivery of services to the customers which may result in high bargaining power of the clients due to the availability of a close substitute. Business growth. Telstra has expanded into other global territories which has it advantages and disadvantages. The new territories had other established network owners such as Vodafone, Virgin mobile and Optus. This will trigger high competitive rivalry due to the crumble of customers in the region. High competition results into high threat of substitutes. Some of the customers will remain loyal to their previous providers hence the bargaining power of customer will be high. Telstra improving their technology will help reduce the rivalry among the competitor since they will be on another level than the competitors which will reduce the bargaining power of the users. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience The company has team which studies the market and comes up with new innovations and technology to increase sales and to attract more customers. Using new technology will enable the company to have a more competitive advantage over the rival companies and will reduce the bargaining power of the consumers as they offer better services than the other companies. The entry of new markets means the company has little information about the new consumer hence it will take time for the company to get enough customer share as other rival companies in the market hence the other companies will have a higher competitive advantage over Telstra. The competition will enable the client to have a high bargaining power due to the availability of multiple close substitutes. Conclusion Telstra value chain activities are the guiding principles to the formulation of strategic and operational decisions within an organization. It is the one of the largest telecommunication companies, besides that it is listed in Australian security exchange and its headquarters are in Melbourne. Telstra has operating activities in a number of international regions including Indonesia, Asia-pacific, Europe and America. The company is involved in sale and distribution of network application, software, online sales, video delivery and business solutions such as data and IP networks, cloud, industry solutions and integrated services. This has contributed very much to its success because their constant supply which has created loyalty among its customers. Most considerably, the company has created confidence to their customers by becoming the most reliable company in Australia as far as petroleum is concerned. Over years it has thrived in the market and it has remained steady up to date. Ge nerally, supply in both manufacturing and distribution industries since customers attention is always attracted by constant availability of the products. Telstra limited achieves the workflow in the organization by linking system actions with each other and demonstrating the on cost and benefits, therefore it clearly indicates the source of value and amounts loss is ascertained within the organization (Sabri 2010). References Chyi Lee, C. and Yang, J., 2007. Knowledge value chain.Journal of management development,19(9), pp.783-794. Blanchard, D. (2007). Supply chain management: best practices. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Beamon, B.M., 2009. Measuring supply chain performance.International journal of operations production management,19(3), pp.275-292. 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