Standardized Testing Should Be Discontinued - 887 Words

Years ago, standardized testing was introduced to school systems to measure capability and knowledge of the students. The tests were supposed to help point out issues in the school’s instruction method and to encourage the administration to fix the problems. Even though these tests started as an excellent way to help the education system, their effects have changed over time. Standardized testing should be discontinued because it cannot represent the true knowledge of a student, it narrows what a student can learn during the year, and it can be altered to misrepresent the true scores of students to benefit the faculty and administration. In the mid to late 1800s, the secretary of the Board of Education in Massachusetts, Horace Mann, began the standardized testing age of America’s school systems. According to Thomas C. Hunt, et al., â€Å"A standardized achievement test is a test that measures students’ knowledge of a domain of related content†¦. These achievement tests put emphasis on what has been learned by the students, and students are scored as either proficient or not proficient in the content area† (Hunt, et al 888). Standardized testing was very well-liked in the past and still is by some people today. Many education systems encourage the continuation of these standardized tests because it measures how much knowledge a student has gained and how well the teacher’s instruction has taught the student throughout the year. Many teachers and administrators also approve of theShow MoreRelatedStandardized Test are Worthless782 Words   |  3 PagesWhile researching text I’ve gotten to the conclusion that standardized test should be eliminated from school districts. Due to the voluminous amount of statistical data and research, there is no doubt-standardized tests should no longer be continued, but however, should be taken out and discontinued, while being removed forever and ever. To begin with, the teacher’s goal is to prepare well their students to pass the standardized test given. Yes, I acknowledge that teachers do prepare studentsRead MoreStandardized Testing: Socialism in Education737 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized Testing: Socialism in Education Standardized testing has become a yearly fixture in classrooms around the United States. Legislation such as No Child Left Behind holds educators and administrators responsible for the learning of students. One way to assess this learning is through the use of a standardized test, the results of which can be compared to a predetermined benchmark. I believe it’s a good idea to hold educators accountable for the work they perform in the classroom andRead MoreSchool Admission Requirements For College Admission Requirement1114 Words   |  5 PagesThis means not looking at standardized test scores. Studies show that the test is biased towards a specific demographic group and race. Requirements for college admission should be used fair to everyone and at the same level of education. Although the ACT and SAT have been used to determine if majority of students get accepted into college, but because it shows that test are bias towards a certain demographic group it’s being considered that they should be discontinued. Dropping the requirementRead MoreSchool Admission Requirements For College Admission Requirement1114 Words   |  5 PagesThis means not looking at standardized test scores. Studies show that the test is biased towards a specific demographic group and race. Requirements for college admission should be used fair to everyone and at the same level of education. Although the ACT and SAT have been used to determine if majority of students get accepted into college, but because it shows that test are bias towards a certain demographic group it’s being considered that they should be discontinued. Dropping the requirementRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards881 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States hopes that Common Core will enable the coming generations to be better prepared. As of right now, my working thesis is Common Core is overall unsuccessful in its effort, and discontinuing or, at the least, replacing it would improve the testing scores /academic progresses, mental health, and attitude towards school of the children in the United States. My two articles, â€Å"Reading Don’t Fix No Chevys (Yet!): Motivating boys in the age of the Common Core,† by Jeffrey D. Wilhelm and MichaelRead MoreAvoiding the Alignment Trap in Intormation Technology Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagescentral database stored on a server to connect to head office. This option is economically feasible, will improve local efficiencies and will allow the sharing of resources and records. I would also recommend that the companies begin feasibility testing to explore the implementation o f an internal ERP system to support global operations in the near future. Doing this will help companies to keep up with the competition. Current Situation Companies are getting caught in an â€Å"alignment trap† whereasRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1864 Words   |  7 Pagesonly one of ten key areas addressed by the law. These ten other areas include access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology. (Chadband) Five different bills were introduced in the House, Senate, and White House in 1971. All these bills were proposals to end sex discrimination in education. The legislatures could not come to an agreement on the bestRead MoreThe Key to Success1436 Words   |  6 Pagestime they learn short-cuts and improvements. This applies to all employees and managers, not just those directly involved in production. Standardization, specialization, and methods improvements - As processes, parts, and products become more standardized, efficiency tends to increase. When employees specialize in a limited set of tasks, they gain more experience with these tasks and operate at a faster rate. Technology-Driven Learning - Automated production technology and information technologyRead MoreFaulty Reasoning behind Testing1943 Words   |  8 Pagesand score high, yet, when the COMPASS exam is given to them for College entrance they score into pre-College courses. The results of testing does not give an in-depth analysis of knowledge obtained by the student body, due to the lack of economic and social circumstances, therefore, the reasoning behind testing is faulty and should not be advocated, but discontinued. Schools are ranked according to their exams scores, which reveal schools within the most economic prosperous communities are rankedRead MoreThe Upper Of The Body Is Defined As Beginning At The Cervical1484 Words   |  6 Pagesassessing recovery from a spectrum of conditions and injuries literature suggests objective measures, such as grip strength and/or range of motion, within in large percentages of patients, are significantly decreased compared to the unaffected limb or standardized norms at both discharge and follow up visits (Poole, Santhanam, Latham, 2012; Macdermid, Richards, Roth, 2001; Wilcke, Abbaszadegan, Adolphson, 2007). It has also been surmised that deficits in objective recovery measures have the ability

`` A Good Man Is Hard, And Ha Jin s, Under The Red Flag

Short stories are seemingly a lost art amongst the literary community. Legendary writers such as Edgar Allen Poe, Flannery O’Connor, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many more have paved the way for writers such as Ha Jin and Phil Klay who write today. Now, although one could speak on the importance of each of these tremendous writers, the focus in paper will be on two writings being that of Flannery O’Connor’s, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† and Ha Jin’s, â€Å"Under The Red Flag†. Now, each book contains many short stories that encapture readers throughout them. Flannery O’Connor’s classic short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, will be compared and contrasted with Ha Jin’s ,†Decade† and â€Å"The Richest Man†. Just as Greg Orwell†¦show more content†¦As a last effort to spare her own life she goes to touch â€Å"The Misfit† but, he is startled and he shoots her three times. It is that moment where the quote that embodies the entire story is let out by â€Å"The Misfit† in which he says, She would of been a good woman...if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life. (O’Connor, Pg 28). This quote embodies a scary yet real view on if someone is living in fear throughout their lives, they will do their best to be a good person out of fear of the repercussions (death in this case). This is portrayed in political views and societies in which people have been jailed and murdered for either speaking toward their government or committing a crime in the eyes of their government. For the members of such societies it as though their is a gun to their heads and if they act out of line the repercussions will be severe. Conservative vs. Communist View â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, was written in the 1950s, so the view of someone is looking over someone else was common due the â€Å"Red Scare†(Hi story, 2010). Americans were constantly in fear, just as everyone was of â€Å"The Misfit†, who in turn could be looked at as apart Communism in itself for it was fear he lived through as his own men feared him as well as the entire country. The grandmother could be argued to be apart of Communism as well for she seemingly led her family down a meaningless path which only ledShow MoreRelatedTrends in Hotel Industry13993 Words   |  56 Pagestreating tourists. Helped With unique efforts by government and all other stakeholders, including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travel operators and employees who work in the sector, Indian hospitality industry has gained a level of acceptance world over. It has yet to go miles for recognition as a world leader of hospitality. Many take Indian hospitality service not for its quality of service but India being a cheap destination for leisure tourism. | | With unlimited tourism and

Drug Related Problems Free Essays

Drug related problem Drug related problems (DRPs) are prevalent and causing considerable patient morbidity and mortality. Many of these DRPs are preventable through following the guidelines and rational drug used. There are many factors controlling the DRP occurrence such as patient age, disease status, drug characteristics, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Related Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now High risk factors 1. Elderly (gt; 65 years); due to age related changes in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetics 2. Acute diseases such as acute renal failure, sepsis, etc†¦ 3. Patients with many chronic diseases; diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, liver problem, AIDS, etc†¦ 4. Patients with renal impairment or haemodialysis 5. Patients in special situations; pregnancy, lactation, 6. Certain diseases and their medications: cancer, diabetes, heart failure. 7. Polypharmacy (taken many drugs gt; 5 drugs) 8. Drug; certain drug classes are commonly involved e. g. Warfarin, insulin, digoxin, TCAs, etc†¦ Classification of drug-related problems 1. Inappropriate drug choice: Unjustified deviation from management guidelines consensus therapeutic can worsen the condition. Deviations that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goal and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. Antibiotic used for viral infection. Furosemide prescribed for patient with hypokalemia). 2. Lack of necessary drug: Either one or more drugs are missing according to established guidelines or a medical problem is being treated with too little of the appropriate drug (under-prescribed) or appropriate drugs may be not used for maximum effectiveness. Moreover, duration of treatment may be too short which can lead to incomplete treatment. Deviations from guidelines that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goals and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. B-blockers in heart failure or post-MI, stop diuretic before edema treated or loop diuretic used only for resistant edema). 3. Unnecessary drug and Duplication: A drug is unnecessary if the indication is no longer present, with continuation/prolonged use or double prescription of two or more drugs from the same therapeutic group or gives the same result. This intensifies their therapeutic effect and side effects. Duplication also can occur when more than one physician prescribes medications to a single patient or when a patient takes over-the-counter drugs with the same active ingredient (e. g. Long-term antibiotic prescribed for simple infection. Used of Ibuprofen and diclofenac concomitantly. 4. Incomplete medication history taking: Inappropriate integration of patient’s medical history can lead to many interactions due to lack of patient’s information such as hypersensitivity â€Å"medication allergy†, other diseases, OTC or herbal and medication used (e. g. Patient has allergy to penicillin). 5. Inappropriate dose or regimen: Dosing too high (overdose) or too low dose. Suboptimal dosing (including dosing time and formulation) according to established national/international guidelines, including frequency of dosing or duration of therapy. Deviations that are based on the patient’s individual treatment goal and risk factors are not considered to be DRPs (e. g. too high ACE inhibitor dose prescribed in relation to kidney function. Too low paracetamol dose use in relation to symptom-giving arthritis). . Adverse drug reaction (ADR): Any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug, which occurs at doses in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy (e. g. orthostatic hypotension happens with blood pressure lowering drug or intolerance dry cough due to ACE inhibitor). 7. Interaction: Drug–drug interaction, drug-food interaction, drug-disease interaction, drug-herbal, etc†¦ An interaction is occurring when the effe ct of a drug is changed by the presence of another drug, food, drink, herbal or some environmental chemical agent. Drug combinations with intended overall effect are not considered to be DRP (e. g. Drug–drug interaction; Furosemide and digitalis (increased effect/toxicity of digitalis with hypokalemia). Drug-food interaction; Amiodarone and Grapefruit, Grapefruit and Simvastatin (increase drug serum concentrations), or Tetracycline and calcium. Drug-disease interaction; used NSAIDs in chronic renal impairment). 8. Discontinuation of needed medication: Some times discontinuation of medication without reasonable medical indication can lead to therapeutic failure or a problem in treatment plan. In addition, stop some medications before controlling the disease or have good monitoring method can lead to failure in treatment plan (e. g. discontinue antibiotic before finishing its therapeutic course or stop Heparin injection before or just on start of Warfarin). 9. Contraindication: the used of some drugs are prohibited for some patients because to harmful risks of using these drugs are exceeding the benefits of their effect (e. g. ACE inhibitor uses in treating high blood pressure in a pregnant lady or using sulfa-drug in G6PD deficiency patients). 10. Abrupt stoppage medication: for certain medications, abrupt stopping can exacerbate the problem or lead to complications related to drug. The stopping process should be gradually (e. g. abruptly stopping B-blocker in MI patients or stopping Corticosteroid suddenly). 11. Untreated medical conditions: can lead to worsening of the disease or may lead to more serious problems (e. g. untreated dyslipidemia in patients with other risk factors). 12. Lack of necessary monitoring: Monitoring with respect to effects and toxicity of drugs is not done or does not adhere to guidelines (e. . INR for Warfarin. Thyroid function tests in patients taking levothyroxine 13. Others: In general, DRPs that do not belong to aforementioned categories. References 1. Bemt P and Egberts A (2007) Drug-related problems: definitions and classification. Journal of European Association of hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), 13, pp 62-64. 1. Lee S, Schwemm A, Reist J, Cantrell M, Andreski M, Doucette W, Chrischilles E and F arris K (2009) Pharmacists’ and pharmacy students’ ability to identify drug-related problems using TIMER (tool to improve medications in the elderly via review). American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73, 3, pp 52-62 2. PCNE Classification for drug related problems (2006) Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation. Available from World Wide Web: http://www. pcne. org/dokumenter/DRP/PCNE %20classification%20V5. 01. pdf 2. Ruscin M (2009) Drug-Related Problems in the Elderly. Merck, Available from World Wide Web: http://www. merck. com/mmpe/sec23/ch341/ch341e. html 3. Ruths S, Viktil KK, Blix HS. Classification of drug-related problems. Tidsskr Nor Leageforen 2007; 127: 3073–6 Prescription Auditing Sheet Patients Name Age: years Drug related problem: |Inappropriate drug choice |Lack of necessary drug | |Unnecessary drug and Duplication |Incomplete medication history taking | |5. Inappropriate dose or regimen |6. Adverse drug reaction | |7. Interaction |8. Discontinuation of needed medication | |9. Contraindication |10. Abrupt stoppage medication | |11. Untreated medical condition |12. Lack of necessary monitoring | |13. Others | | Specification of the problem (and intervention if any): )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Patient Resume Age: Sex: Drug Allergies: Medical History – – – – – – – Medication History – – – – – Laboratory Data base How to cite Drug Related Problems, Papers

Value Chain Management Chemical Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Chain Management Chemical Industry? Answer: Introduction Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication companies in Australia. It was founded in June 1975 under Australian Telecommunication commission .The name Telstra comes from the word telecom Australia which was used domestically when trading while internationally the company used Telstra. A uniform branding was established to Telstra in 1995. They have concentrated their business on entertainment and Telecommuinicaion.The Company ensures customer satisfaction at the same time reducing operation cost. Michael porter came up with the best definition of Value chain management (Gereffi 2014). According to his definition he referred it as a whole series of activities that is involved in creation and building of value at each single step. Michael porters value chain consist of several activities which include inbound logistics, outbound and sales and marketing Telstra have retained their market share by optimizing on marketing the products and services. They have a large network hence they are able to reach as many potential customers as they can. Telstra value chain management have followed porter laws of value chain management to ensure they have increased sales. Inbound logistics Inbound logistics is the process that unstintingly incorporates the steps of receiving, storing and the internal distribution of raw stuff or primary ingredients to a service or product. With Porter this an essential process to the creation of value for a product. It involves arranging the movement of materials from suppliers to assembly plants or the manufactures. The operations are concern of management in three process of conversion from raw materials to finished goods (Kannegiesser 2008). Telstra limited applies this process through to acquisition and exploration of materials for the production process of the product, this is exerted through the adoption of a disciplined advance to coping with risk at the same time increasing stockholder value. The exploration process itself is centered on establishing a material parity global portfolio to allow a growth in the future opportunities to the business. Outbound logistics Outbound logistics. This is concerned with movement of products or finished goods and their storage. Sales and marketing entails the process of selling services or products in exchange of offerings that is valuable for clients, customers and the community at large. To make their exploration process easier the company has segmented the cognitive process into different areas marketing, telecommunication, data and IP networks managing and unifying networks. Telstra exploration apart from Australia like Canada, Asia, and Indonesia. The company has laid down exploration strategies to facilitate this process which include among them growing portfolio profundity and optionality, detection of other commercial entertainment areas together with consistency in expatriate and commercial excellence. Finally service entails all activities which are essential to be put in place for effective working of the product (Poirier 2009). Support activities This involves Infrastructure, legal, financial, quality assurance, public relations, general statistics and quality assurance. Technological development which comprises of hardware, procedures, software and knowledge in transformation of inputs and outputs of affirm. Human resource management which comprises activities of hiring, firing, training recruiting and compensation and where necessary dismissing personnel. Lastly procurement involving acquisition of goods work or services from external sources. It is clear that the essence of supply chain management is definitely a representation of Telstra network of organization s involved through downstream and upstream of linkages, in process of making quality value of products to the customers. A supply chain can also be referred as inter organizational supply chain, in broad sense we can say it is an interlink of more than one companies. The activities of generic value adding in an organization can be further be categorized into two main category of activity sets (Beamon 2009). Traditional or physical value chain they are activities performed with an aim of enhancing a product. This leads to achievement of goals by a company. Virtue value chain-they are computer based systems that has led to totally new horizons of market space kin todays business. Also known as cyber market space. Marketing and sales The company is constantly coming up with new trends and adopting technology in order to boost sales in the market. Customer trends and the ever changing environment is a constant problem to the company. Competition has also affected the sales of the company services around the globe. In the last financial year the company the company had a total revenue of 27.1 billion dollars and a total profit of 5.8 billion dollars in all its products which include fixed line, internet, and network services, pay TV and data services. Marketing, trading, and shipping is another value chain according to Porters, which is the process of ordering products and services into commercialization involving management of customer relationships. Telstra bolsters their trading and marketing capabilities plus establishing their reputation as the dependable supplier. The process has been successfully through transitioning of seller based portfolio, their strong relationship with customers from Asia also based on established track record of authentic delivery. For example in 2011, Telstra limited established a merchandising group in Asia to extend marketing, shipping, trading capabilities. The objective which is in control of all undevout in a chain management is always regarded increasing competition. The reason behind it is the competition of the services and products in eyes of the coustomers.in real sense to convince an independent company to join a supply chain needs a win-win situation for the companies which belong to the supply chain in the wrong run whereas in the short run this may not be possible in all the entities. There are two wide means of improving competition in a chain management. Integration of organizations involved material coordination, financial flows as well as information. Services Telstra has operation all around the world. Some of their services run 24 hour a day the whole week especially the network systems. The company owns and maintain most of the public telephones in Auatralia.The Company owns 7,400 base station worldwide. This illustrates the house of supply management. The roof lays for the extreme objective of the SCM-Competitiveness. Competitiveness van be improved in various was such as reducing the price of the products, increasing the flexibility in the same proportion as the changes in the demands of the customers or availing a product that is superior quality of goods and services. The two major parts incurring some degree of novelty shall in this text be broken down to a certain degree of building blocks. To start, forming a partnership demands that selection of suitable partner be made for an average partnership. Then, becoming a successful and effective organization in the networking requires that there is a lot of collaboration between the organizations. Supply chain optimization is the use of a tool and other related processes to facilitate that the optimal returns are realized from the methods that is being used in the supply of the products. In Telstra it involves optimal allocation of the inventory between the supply chain and the costs of operation such as the transportation cost, manufacturing cost and the cost of distribution. In most cases the new techniques involve simulation using a computer aided program. The main concern in this process is to ensure that the nosiness is run and the model used in the supply of the goods is as effective as possible, also creating a reliable process where the supply is made as soon as possible without unnecessary delays. Support Activities Human resource management in Porters activities entails the support activities where the key element is the development of the manpower within an organization examples of the activities are training, recruitment of staff and coaching staff, Telstra limited protects people, their reputation livelihood by continuously amending their full-bodied security and response capabilities emergencies. The human resources are very key to the performance of an organization, it is well understood that human resource work on the final products delivered to customers. The value chain systems which involves a set of organization activities their success rest upon the performance of the individuals within the supply chain. Human resource functions array from development of Human resource schemes, recruitment to selection compensation and benefits to workforce and lastly management change and the relationship within the organization (labor relations) when all activities are applied to value chain manage ment it results into lots of benefits; identification of training objectives and needs precisely for value chain office and formulation of blueprint to align the needs, identification and training staff to meet the positions skills and lastly human resource practices being a vital value chain factor can be used to unify the supply chain , because of business environment complexities consisting of product life oscillations , outsourcing and globalization the practices can be implemented to motivate value chain partners to establish valuable relationships between firms. The outcome enhances competitive advantage. The company operates beneath all peril emergence model which enables worldwide practical responses, in place they also hold effective controlled security and risk management strategies which acts as a form of preparedness in responding cases of hydrocarbon spillages. Lastly, the company furnishes leadership in the barring and detection to and responding to the corruption of fraud. Michael Porter, in his analysis he explains a value chain contains a collection of all the elements illustrated in the paper to be the ones to establish a value for the customers. The prosperity of any business requires full optimization of key-value chain areas by exhausting all the resourceful areas. The specific areas help a business to target the most beneficial areas. The most strategic factors Telstra limited can base on in optimizing value chain could be science and technology, marketing trading and shipping together with Human resource factors. Technology Telstra limited are adopting measures all-around value chain to modify investment in the development of network applications. This operational technology aims to affirm operational success and curb exploration, production and development costs. Advanced analytics procedures hare to be built of statistical tools which are updated with data from live streaming connecting people from all over the world. This program aids in making decisions in operations and engineering teams in a dimension of initiatives among them optimization, planning, surveillance and processes of control and maintenance. Technology also facilitates a reduction in operational cost for existing business by through innovation of solutions, for example, the invention of 3D printing program which has the capability to minimize operating costs by ensuring the spares on demand are printed. The 3D program in a speedy manner reproduces parts by inducing the prototyping, deployment, and testing of the new gas litigated tech nology. The science and technology has helped Telstra limited to inquire exploration and development of economical offshore among the technologies include development in network application technologies, e-health care services ,online sales, software and video delivery. To ensure consistency in innovations Telstra limited in 2011 the set aside a future lab to actively strengthen the environment of scientific and innovation technology by collaborating with institutions of research. Procurement Procurement is the process of acquiring raw materials, supplies and assets. The move to global market has helped the company to cut cost on acquiring raw material and supplies. They have also outsourced their network maintenance and installation to companies like ABB communications and Siemens (STCJV). Another factor to be fully optimized is the marketing, trading and shipping of products and services. Marketing implicates strategies on the overall product portfolio and customers operative orientations. Marketing research acquires an increasing importance due to changes in seller markets to buyer markets (Wohe 2008). Markets have shifted from extra demand of insufficient supply to excess supply in the competition of saturated markets. Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization (Kotler et al. 2005).To increase the performance of the company marketing can be integrated along the five-piece of marketing which are the product, promotion, price and place (Kotler et al. 2008). Therefore marketing structure which is an interface to customers determine the product function together with pricing above all the place strategy with rega rd sales channels, for example, Telstra could implement the marketing strategies through web-based shops, wholesalers and direct sales. Lastly marketing structures the channeling function to distribute products to customers. Infrastructure Science and technology this activity relate to establishing of the services and products some externally and internally. For example, IT, development of modern products grounded on current technology, technological innovations according to Porter all this value is created through optimization and innovation. Now Telstra limited, claims problems in business are lowered by innovation solutions which then reduces their cost of supply thereby resulting in growth and optimization of their broader strategy. Telstra activities have therefore been strategized into four categories; upstream technology, subsurface technology, downstream technology and lastly disruptive and innovative technology. These strategies help the company to reduce lifting cost while protecting eminent reliability, they have 3D machines for printing programs which get rid of operating costs by providing spares when on demand and also their cognitive computation capacity save time, reduce cost and drive efficiency (Cox 2 009). Strategic approaches to optimize value chain Telstra has managed to improve it relationship with other global supplier to boost its business growth and performance. The core competence of Telstra are using new innovations and technology , improving suppliers relationship by improving supplier relationship management(SRM) and expanding to global market to attract more customers. Telstra has managed to acquire supplier relationship management team to expand sales and growth revenues. The main aim of this is to develop new products and services. Maximizing the relationship with the suppliers will enable the company to meet customers expectation. The company has cooperated with both local and international suppliers to meet the customers expectation. Telstra has gone to the international market to expand it business and to attract more customer. This has enabled the company to acquire more customer and to boost the revenue. The global market has put the company at a competitive advantage over the other companies due to the new markets. It has also enabled the company to improve its services due to the high demand and competition. The company has adapted new technology to deliver high quality services to the customers. The new technology has improved communication and the also the customer experience .This has resulted into the company acquiring new market and increase in sales. New business growth Primary activities are considered to have a prompt effect on the production, sales, maintenance and supporting of services or products supplied. Telstra limited value chain consists of exploring the materials, developing the product, producing a refined product and lastly supplying the product to the target market. According to Porter, the primary activities entails a list of elements as follows; The second activity is the production process, this is founded on production floor operating from the production line, and it changes over inputs of services and products into semifinal or almost completed products. It is considered that operational systems are the channeling principle to the conceptualization of value. The expansion of the company to other global market has enabled the company to increase sales and get a bigger portion of the market share. This has increased revenue of the company. The expansion has also enabled the company to create employment increasing the number of employees to 13000.This has boosted the economy of the new region. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience Telstra limited is the largest entertainment company in Australia and the company accommodates customers around the globe enabling production process through closely working cropped and other articulated venture participants, governments, suppliers and communities to achieve the chance across the lifecycle development. Having such services within the organization they get an upper hand it is required of them to have a well efficient value chain Therefore for the process to be carried on, it requires approval thereafter for the materials to move into product execution. Telstra limited has expanded its network application services to Asia-Pacific region which has contributed to increased opportunities. As the largest distributer of network application services, it's considered one of the best world facility. The project supplies entertainment and network services to international markets and Australia generally from vast enterprise as well as the global market. Underneath the Telstra f unctioning, the project bears a maintained record to reliable production and delivery for a period of 30 years and more. Risks in value chain management of the firm In a research conducted by Deloitte two thirds of the respondents identified risk in supply chain management this is equivalent to 63 percent. The global research revealed that the supply chain management has become costly over the past three years. In the Telstra, while identifying risks in supply chain it is important to consider the two types of risks and include them in a risk management plan. These are; internal risks which are in reach of your control and external controls which are not in reach of your control. Chain optimization. It is briefly the use of tools and processes in ensuring optimal operation in making and distribution in a supply chain .According to Telstra records it entails placement of stock in the chain reducing cost of operations.it entails use of computer software while applying techniques of mathematics model. Most importantly the supply has been managers aim is to maximize profit in both the manufacturing and distribution supply chains. Thus they must include measures such as maximizing gross margin return on stock or inventory invested, minimizing operating expenses, or maximizing GP. Of the finished products supplied through the supply chain.it also addresses the problem that may occur in delivering of product at a lower cost but at high profit. Among the most effective way of saving money in distribution is by optimizing transportation and storage cost by means of packaging size.it is evident that optimization of supply chain is applicable in all industries distributing and manufacturin g including industrial products, retail, and etcetera (D'heur 2015). During the optimization the techniques used are said to be credible academically.in relation to that several companies has been adopted from academic research projects or consultants. The techniques are commercially effective since significant and measurable benefits are evident. This comes from lower logistics and reduced inventory costing levels. Various routines in supply chain management allows gain of competitive advantage by companies through increasing effectiveness as well as measurable savings. Big data analytics for data driven forecasting In summary, the ability to manipulate larger data bases in speed has contributed to a new breed of optimization solutions. The algorithms applied equivalent to those that make decisions concerning financial investment; the analogy becomes simple since the inventory is termed as an investment of the forthcoming return on sales. Most vendors offer chain optimization as a solution and also run for their clients as application service providers. Telstra Company, is the leading company in telecommunication. Analysis using porters five forces Porters five forces is a model that describes the understanding of competition forces for work within an industry and also illustrate the economic value division between industry actors. The five competitive forces include the threat by substitute services and products, the bargaining ability of suppliers, threat of new entrants, the bargaining ability of buyers and lastly competitors between existing competitors. The five forces of porter have benefited much value chain management systems; Core competence and outsourcing other services The core competence has enabled the company to among the leading in telecommunication all over the world. The involvement of the company with the supplier management team has resulted into low bargaining power which has given the company a competitive advantage. The competitive advantage has enabled the company to provide better services to the client in region. The expansion of the company to the global market has increased productivity and the customer base has resulted into low threat of substitute products and services. The company has utilized the use of new technology to improve the services which has narrowed down entry of new companies into the market. The new technology which is also expensive has enabled the company to provide better services for the customers and also has reduce the entry of new companies in the market. The use of supplier management team has also accumulated its own problems in that the team may delay in delivery of goods or services. The shortage will results into competitive disadvantages. This will also affect the delivery of services to the customers which may result in high bargaining power of the clients due to the availability of a close substitute. Business growth. Telstra has expanded into other global territories which has it advantages and disadvantages. The new territories had other established network owners such as Vodafone, Virgin mobile and Optus. This will trigger high competitive rivalry due to the crumble of customers in the region. High competition results into high threat of substitutes. Some of the customers will remain loyal to their previous providers hence the bargaining power of customer will be high. Telstra improving their technology will help reduce the rivalry among the competitor since they will be on another level than the competitors which will reduce the bargaining power of the users. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience The company has team which studies the market and comes up with new innovations and technology to increase sales and to attract more customers. Using new technology will enable the company to have a more competitive advantage over the rival companies and will reduce the bargaining power of the consumers as they offer better services than the other companies. The entry of new markets means the company has little information about the new consumer hence it will take time for the company to get enough customer share as other rival companies in the market hence the other companies will have a higher competitive advantage over Telstra. The competition will enable the client to have a high bargaining power due to the availability of multiple close substitutes. Conclusion Telstra value chain activities are the guiding principles to the formulation of strategic and operational decisions within an organization. It is the one of the largest telecommunication companies, besides that it is listed in Australian security exchange and its headquarters are in Melbourne. Telstra has operating activities in a number of international regions including Indonesia, Asia-pacific, Europe and America. The company is involved in sale and distribution of network application, software, online sales, video delivery and business solutions such as data and IP networks, cloud, industry solutions and integrated services. This has contributed very much to its success because their constant supply which has created loyalty among its customers. Most considerably, the company has created confidence to their customers by becoming the most reliable company in Australia as far as petroleum is concerned. Over years it has thrived in the market and it has remained steady up to date. Ge nerally, supply in both manufacturing and distribution industries since customers attention is always attracted by constant availability of the products. Telstra limited achieves the workflow in the organization by linking system actions with each other and demonstrating the on cost and benefits, therefore it clearly indicates the source of value and amounts loss is ascertained within the organization (Sabri 2010). References Chyi Lee, C. and Yang, J., 2007. Knowledge value chain.Journal of management development,19(9), pp.783-794. Blanchard, D. (2007). Supply chain management: best practices. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Beamon, B.M., 2009. Measuring supply chain performance.International journal of operations production management,19(3), pp.275-292. Kannegiesser, M. (2008). Value chain management in the chemical industry global value chain planning in commodities. Contributions to management science. Heidelberg, Physica-Verlag. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4.4 (2009): 167-175. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. D'heur, M. (2015). Sustainable value chain management: delivering sustainability through the core business. Poirier, C. C. (2009). Advanced supply chain management: how to build a sustained competitive advantage. San Francisco, CA, Berrett-Kochler Publishers. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. Cox A. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal. 2007Oct 1;4(4):167-75. Cox, A., 2009. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal, 4(4), pp.167-175. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4, no. 4 (2008): 167-175. Gereffi, G., 2014. Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), pp.9-37. Gereffi, G. (2014). Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 9-37.

Value Chain Management Chemical Industry â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Chain Management Chemical Industry? Answer: Introduction Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication companies in Australia. It was founded in June 1975 under Australian Telecommunication commission .The name Telstra comes from the word telecom Australia which was used domestically when trading while internationally the company used Telstra. A uniform branding was established to Telstra in 1995. They have concentrated their business on entertainment and Telecommuinicaion.The Company ensures customer satisfaction at the same time reducing operation cost. Michael porter came up with the best definition of Value chain management (Gereffi 2014). According to his definition he referred it as a whole series of activities that is involved in creation and building of value at each single step. Michael porters value chain consist of several activities which include inbound logistics, outbound and sales and marketing Telstra have retained their market share by optimizing on marketing the products and services. They have a large network hence they are able to reach as many potential customers as they can. Telstra value chain management have followed porter laws of value chain management to ensure they have increased sales. Inbound logistics Inbound logistics is the process that unstintingly incorporates the steps of receiving, storing and the internal distribution of raw stuff or primary ingredients to a service or product. With Porter this an essential process to the creation of value for a product. It involves arranging the movement of materials from suppliers to assembly plants or the manufactures. The operations are concern of management in three process of conversion from raw materials to finished goods (Kannegiesser 2008). Telstra limited applies this process through to acquisition and exploration of materials for the production process of the product, this is exerted through the adoption of a disciplined advance to coping with risk at the same time increasing stockholder value. The exploration process itself is centered on establishing a material parity global portfolio to allow a growth in the future opportunities to the business. Outbound logistics Outbound logistics. This is concerned with movement of products or finished goods and their storage. Sales and marketing entails the process of selling services or products in exchange of offerings that is valuable for clients, customers and the community at large. To make their exploration process easier the company has segmented the cognitive process into different areas marketing, telecommunication, data and IP networks managing and unifying networks. Telstra exploration apart from Australia like Canada, Asia, and Indonesia. The company has laid down exploration strategies to facilitate this process which include among them growing portfolio profundity and optionality, detection of other commercial entertainment areas together with consistency in expatriate and commercial excellence. Finally service entails all activities which are essential to be put in place for effective working of the product (Poirier 2009). Support activities This involves Infrastructure, legal, financial, quality assurance, public relations, general statistics and quality assurance. Technological development which comprises of hardware, procedures, software and knowledge in transformation of inputs and outputs of affirm. Human resource management which comprises activities of hiring, firing, training recruiting and compensation and where necessary dismissing personnel. Lastly procurement involving acquisition of goods work or services from external sources. It is clear that the essence of supply chain management is definitely a representation of Telstra network of organization s involved through downstream and upstream of linkages, in process of making quality value of products to the customers. A supply chain can also be referred as inter organizational supply chain, in broad sense we can say it is an interlink of more than one companies. The activities of generic value adding in an organization can be further be categorized into two main category of activity sets (Beamon 2009). Traditional or physical value chain they are activities performed with an aim of enhancing a product. This leads to achievement of goals by a company. Virtue value chain-they are computer based systems that has led to totally new horizons of market space kin todays business. Also known as cyber market space. Marketing and sales The company is constantly coming up with new trends and adopting technology in order to boost sales in the market. Customer trends and the ever changing environment is a constant problem to the company. Competition has also affected the sales of the company services around the globe. In the last financial year the company the company had a total revenue of 27.1 billion dollars and a total profit of 5.8 billion dollars in all its products which include fixed line, internet, and network services, pay TV and data services. Marketing, trading, and shipping is another value chain according to Porters, which is the process of ordering products and services into commercialization involving management of customer relationships. Telstra bolsters their trading and marketing capabilities plus establishing their reputation as the dependable supplier. The process has been successfully through transitioning of seller based portfolio, their strong relationship with customers from Asia also based on established track record of authentic delivery. For example in 2011, Telstra limited established a merchandising group in Asia to extend marketing, shipping, trading capabilities. The objective which is in control of all undevout in a chain management is always regarded increasing competition. The reason behind it is the competition of the services and products in eyes of the coustomers.in real sense to convince an independent company to join a supply chain needs a win-win situation for the companies which belong to the supply chain in the wrong run whereas in the short run this may not be possible in all the entities. There are two wide means of improving competition in a chain management. Integration of organizations involved material coordination, financial flows as well as information. Services Telstra has operation all around the world. Some of their services run 24 hour a day the whole week especially the network systems. The company owns and maintain most of the public telephones in Auatralia.The Company owns 7,400 base station worldwide. This illustrates the house of supply management. The roof lays for the extreme objective of the SCM-Competitiveness. Competitiveness van be improved in various was such as reducing the price of the products, increasing the flexibility in the same proportion as the changes in the demands of the customers or availing a product that is superior quality of goods and services. The two major parts incurring some degree of novelty shall in this text be broken down to a certain degree of building blocks. To start, forming a partnership demands that selection of suitable partner be made for an average partnership. Then, becoming a successful and effective organization in the networking requires that there is a lot of collaboration between the organizations. Supply chain optimization is the use of a tool and other related processes to facilitate that the optimal returns are realized from the methods that is being used in the supply of the products. In Telstra it involves optimal allocation of the inventory between the supply chain and the costs of operation such as the transportation cost, manufacturing cost and the cost of distribution. In most cases the new techniques involve simulation using a computer aided program. The main concern in this process is to ensure that the nosiness is run and the model used in the supply of the goods is as effective as possible, also creating a reliable process where the supply is made as soon as possible without unnecessary delays. Support Activities Human resource management in Porters activities entails the support activities where the key element is the development of the manpower within an organization examples of the activities are training, recruitment of staff and coaching staff, Telstra limited protects people, their reputation livelihood by continuously amending their full-bodied security and response capabilities emergencies. The human resources are very key to the performance of an organization, it is well understood that human resource work on the final products delivered to customers. The value chain systems which involves a set of organization activities their success rest upon the performance of the individuals within the supply chain. Human resource functions array from development of Human resource schemes, recruitment to selection compensation and benefits to workforce and lastly management change and the relationship within the organization (labor relations) when all activities are applied to value chain manage ment it results into lots of benefits; identification of training objectives and needs precisely for value chain office and formulation of blueprint to align the needs, identification and training staff to meet the positions skills and lastly human resource practices being a vital value chain factor can be used to unify the supply chain , because of business environment complexities consisting of product life oscillations , outsourcing and globalization the practices can be implemented to motivate value chain partners to establish valuable relationships between firms. The outcome enhances competitive advantage. The company operates beneath all peril emergence model which enables worldwide practical responses, in place they also hold effective controlled security and risk management strategies which acts as a form of preparedness in responding cases of hydrocarbon spillages. Lastly, the company furnishes leadership in the barring and detection to and responding to the corruption of fraud. Michael Porter, in his analysis he explains a value chain contains a collection of all the elements illustrated in the paper to be the ones to establish a value for the customers. The prosperity of any business requires full optimization of key-value chain areas by exhausting all the resourceful areas. The specific areas help a business to target the most beneficial areas. The most strategic factors Telstra limited can base on in optimizing value chain could be science and technology, marketing trading and shipping together with Human resource factors. Technology Telstra limited are adopting measures all-around value chain to modify investment in the development of network applications. This operational technology aims to affirm operational success and curb exploration, production and development costs. Advanced analytics procedures hare to be built of statistical tools which are updated with data from live streaming connecting people from all over the world. This program aids in making decisions in operations and engineering teams in a dimension of initiatives among them optimization, planning, surveillance and processes of control and maintenance. Technology also facilitates a reduction in operational cost for existing business by through innovation of solutions, for example, the invention of 3D printing program which has the capability to minimize operating costs by ensuring the spares on demand are printed. The 3D program in a speedy manner reproduces parts by inducing the prototyping, deployment, and testing of the new gas litigated tech nology. The science and technology has helped Telstra limited to inquire exploration and development of economical offshore among the technologies include development in network application technologies, e-health care services ,online sales, software and video delivery. To ensure consistency in innovations Telstra limited in 2011 the set aside a future lab to actively strengthen the environment of scientific and innovation technology by collaborating with institutions of research. Procurement Procurement is the process of acquiring raw materials, supplies and assets. The move to global market has helped the company to cut cost on acquiring raw material and supplies. They have also outsourced their network maintenance and installation to companies like ABB communications and Siemens (STCJV). Another factor to be fully optimized is the marketing, trading and shipping of products and services. Marketing implicates strategies on the overall product portfolio and customers operative orientations. Marketing research acquires an increasing importance due to changes in seller markets to buyer markets (Wohe 2008). Markets have shifted from extra demand of insufficient supply to excess supply in the competition of saturated markets. Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization (Kotler et al. 2005).To increase the performance of the company marketing can be integrated along the five-piece of marketing which are the product, promotion, price and place (Kotler et al. 2008). Therefore marketing structure which is an interface to customers determine the product function together with pricing above all the place strategy with rega rd sales channels, for example, Telstra could implement the marketing strategies through web-based shops, wholesalers and direct sales. Lastly marketing structures the channeling function to distribute products to customers. Infrastructure Science and technology this activity relate to establishing of the services and products some externally and internally. For example, IT, development of modern products grounded on current technology, technological innovations according to Porter all this value is created through optimization and innovation. Now Telstra limited, claims problems in business are lowered by innovation solutions which then reduces their cost of supply thereby resulting in growth and optimization of their broader strategy. Telstra activities have therefore been strategized into four categories; upstream technology, subsurface technology, downstream technology and lastly disruptive and innovative technology. These strategies help the company to reduce lifting cost while protecting eminent reliability, they have 3D machines for printing programs which get rid of operating costs by providing spares when on demand and also their cognitive computation capacity save time, reduce cost and drive efficiency (Cox 2 009). Strategic approaches to optimize value chain Telstra has managed to improve it relationship with other global supplier to boost its business growth and performance. The core competence of Telstra are using new innovations and technology , improving suppliers relationship by improving supplier relationship management(SRM) and expanding to global market to attract more customers. Telstra has managed to acquire supplier relationship management team to expand sales and growth revenues. The main aim of this is to develop new products and services. Maximizing the relationship with the suppliers will enable the company to meet customers expectation. The company has cooperated with both local and international suppliers to meet the customers expectation. Telstra has gone to the international market to expand it business and to attract more customer. This has enabled the company to acquire more customer and to boost the revenue. The global market has put the company at a competitive advantage over the other companies due to the new markets. It has also enabled the company to improve its services due to the high demand and competition. The company has adapted new technology to deliver high quality services to the customers. The new technology has improved communication and the also the customer experience .This has resulted into the company acquiring new market and increase in sales. New business growth Primary activities are considered to have a prompt effect on the production, sales, maintenance and supporting of services or products supplied. Telstra limited value chain consists of exploring the materials, developing the product, producing a refined product and lastly supplying the product to the target market. According to Porter, the primary activities entails a list of elements as follows; The second activity is the production process, this is founded on production floor operating from the production line, and it changes over inputs of services and products into semifinal or almost completed products. It is considered that operational systems are the channeling principle to the conceptualization of value. The expansion of the company to other global market has enabled the company to increase sales and get a bigger portion of the market share. This has increased revenue of the company. The expansion has also enabled the company to create employment increasing the number of employees to 13000.This has boosted the economy of the new region. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience Telstra limited is the largest entertainment company in Australia and the company accommodates customers around the globe enabling production process through closely working cropped and other articulated venture participants, governments, suppliers and communities to achieve the chance across the lifecycle development. Having such services within the organization they get an upper hand it is required of them to have a well efficient value chain Therefore for the process to be carried on, it requires approval thereafter for the materials to move into product execution. Telstra limited has expanded its network application services to Asia-Pacific region which has contributed to increased opportunities. As the largest distributer of network application services, it's considered one of the best world facility. The project supplies entertainment and network services to international markets and Australia generally from vast enterprise as well as the global market. Underneath the Telstra f unctioning, the project bears a maintained record to reliable production and delivery for a period of 30 years and more. Risks in value chain management of the firm In a research conducted by Deloitte two thirds of the respondents identified risk in supply chain management this is equivalent to 63 percent. The global research revealed that the supply chain management has become costly over the past three years. In the Telstra, while identifying risks in supply chain it is important to consider the two types of risks and include them in a risk management plan. These are; internal risks which are in reach of your control and external controls which are not in reach of your control. Chain optimization. It is briefly the use of tools and processes in ensuring optimal operation in making and distribution in a supply chain .According to Telstra records it entails placement of stock in the chain reducing cost of operations.it entails use of computer software while applying techniques of mathematics model. Most importantly the supply has been managers aim is to maximize profit in both the manufacturing and distribution supply chains. Thus they must include measures such as maximizing gross margin return on stock or inventory invested, minimizing operating expenses, or maximizing GP. Of the finished products supplied through the supply chain.it also addresses the problem that may occur in delivering of product at a lower cost but at high profit. Among the most effective way of saving money in distribution is by optimizing transportation and storage cost by means of packaging size.it is evident that optimization of supply chain is applicable in all industries distributing and manufacturin g including industrial products, retail, and etcetera (D'heur 2015). During the optimization the techniques used are said to be credible academically.in relation to that several companies has been adopted from academic research projects or consultants. The techniques are commercially effective since significant and measurable benefits are evident. This comes from lower logistics and reduced inventory costing levels. Various routines in supply chain management allows gain of competitive advantage by companies through increasing effectiveness as well as measurable savings. Big data analytics for data driven forecasting In summary, the ability to manipulate larger data bases in speed has contributed to a new breed of optimization solutions. The algorithms applied equivalent to those that make decisions concerning financial investment; the analogy becomes simple since the inventory is termed as an investment of the forthcoming return on sales. Most vendors offer chain optimization as a solution and also run for their clients as application service providers. Telstra Company, is the leading company in telecommunication. Analysis using porters five forces Porters five forces is a model that describes the understanding of competition forces for work within an industry and also illustrate the economic value division between industry actors. The five competitive forces include the threat by substitute services and products, the bargaining ability of suppliers, threat of new entrants, the bargaining ability of buyers and lastly competitors between existing competitors. The five forces of porter have benefited much value chain management systems; Core competence and outsourcing other services The core competence has enabled the company to among the leading in telecommunication all over the world. The involvement of the company with the supplier management team has resulted into low bargaining power which has given the company a competitive advantage. The competitive advantage has enabled the company to provide better services to the client in region. The expansion of the company to the global market has increased productivity and the customer base has resulted into low threat of substitute products and services. The company has utilized the use of new technology to improve the services which has narrowed down entry of new companies into the market. The new technology which is also expensive has enabled the company to provide better services for the customers and also has reduce the entry of new companies in the market. The use of supplier management team has also accumulated its own problems in that the team may delay in delivery of goods or services. The shortage will results into competitive disadvantages. This will also affect the delivery of services to the customers which may result in high bargaining power of the clients due to the availability of a close substitute. Business growth. Telstra has expanded into other global territories which has it advantages and disadvantages. The new territories had other established network owners such as Vodafone, Virgin mobile and Optus. This will trigger high competitive rivalry due to the crumble of customers in the region. High competition results into high threat of substitutes. Some of the customers will remain loyal to their previous providers hence the bargaining power of customer will be high. Telstra improving their technology will help reduce the rivalry among the competitor since they will be on another level than the competitors which will reduce the bargaining power of the users. Studying the market and forecasting to improve the customer experience The company has team which studies the market and comes up with new innovations and technology to increase sales and to attract more customers. Using new technology will enable the company to have a more competitive advantage over the rival companies and will reduce the bargaining power of the consumers as they offer better services than the other companies. The entry of new markets means the company has little information about the new consumer hence it will take time for the company to get enough customer share as other rival companies in the market hence the other companies will have a higher competitive advantage over Telstra. The competition will enable the client to have a high bargaining power due to the availability of multiple close substitutes. Conclusion Telstra value chain activities are the guiding principles to the formulation of strategic and operational decisions within an organization. It is the one of the largest telecommunication companies, besides that it is listed in Australian security exchange and its headquarters are in Melbourne. Telstra has operating activities in a number of international regions including Indonesia, Asia-pacific, Europe and America. The company is involved in sale and distribution of network application, software, online sales, video delivery and business solutions such as data and IP networks, cloud, industry solutions and integrated services. This has contributed very much to its success because their constant supply which has created loyalty among its customers. Most considerably, the company has created confidence to their customers by becoming the most reliable company in Australia as far as petroleum is concerned. Over years it has thrived in the market and it has remained steady up to date. Ge nerally, supply in both manufacturing and distribution industries since customers attention is always attracted by constant availability of the products. Telstra limited achieves the workflow in the organization by linking system actions with each other and demonstrating the on cost and benefits, therefore it clearly indicates the source of value and amounts loss is ascertained within the organization (Sabri 2010). References Chyi Lee, C. and Yang, J., 2007. Knowledge value chain.Journal of management development,19(9), pp.783-794. Blanchard, D. (2007). Supply chain management: best practices. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Beamon, B.M., 2009. Measuring supply chain performance.International journal of operations production management,19(3), pp.275-292. Kannegiesser, M. (2008). Value chain management in the chemical industry global value chain planning in commodities. Contributions to management science. Heidelberg, Physica-Verlag. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4.4 (2009): 167-175. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. D'heur, M. (2015). Sustainable value chain management: delivering sustainability through the core business. Poirier, C. C. (2009). Advanced supply chain management: how to build a sustained competitive advantage. San Francisco, CA, Berrett-Kochler Publishers. Sabri, E. H., Shaikh, S. N. (2010). Lean and agile value chain management: a guide to the next level of improvement. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, J. Ross Pub. Cox A. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal. 2007Oct 1;4(4):167-75. Cox, A., 2009. Power, value and supply chain management. Supply chain management: An international journal, 4(4), pp.167-175. Cox, Andrew. "Power, value and supply chain management." Supply chain management: An international journal 4, no. 4 (2008): 167-175. Gereffi, G., 2014. Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), pp.9-37. Gereffi, G. (2014). Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world. Review of International Political Economy, 21(1), 9-37.

Flesh And Spirit By Bradstreet Essays - DudleyWinthrop Family

Flesh And Spirit By Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet's poem "The Flesh and the Spirit," reveals an interesting inner conflict in the life of a Puritan woman in the New World, as well as insight into Bradstreet and her own internal conflicts with Puritanism and the wilderness of America. Bradsteet is considered a representative of the ideal Puritan wife and mother; her poems reflect those images as well as give the opportunity to question them. "The Flesh and the Spirit" is a poem about conflict versus resolution, evil versus good, earth versus heaven, and weakness versus faith. The victor in these Puritan poems is always the most honest. Because the conflict is resolved so the Spirit overcomes over the Flesh, Bradstreet's poem is representative of the characteristic of the Puritan morals. The poem begins with the narrator referring to herself as "I." Because the poem continues in the first person, as the narrator is overhearing a conversation taking place, the reader is able to associate this conversation with one taking place within the author's mind. The concept of inner conflict is also established through the first two lines of the poem, "In secret place where once I stood / Close by the banks of Lacrim flood." This indicates a secret place in the narrator's world where, whether physically or mentally ,she deals with an inner conflict in a time of hardship. Internal conflict and moral resolution are very important to Puritan belief of self and faith. Because Bradstreet composed this poem in the New World, her strenuous and discouraging life was constantly being tested with Puritan ideals while she adjusted to her new life. While listening to the twin sisters debate, the narrator hears the voice of Flesh first. Nearly everything Flesh says is an essential question of Spirit's faith. Her desire for "worldly wealth and vanity" is the cause for her confusion with the beliefs of Spirit. Her first question regards the livelihood of Spirit, "what liv'st thou on, / Nothing but meditation?" (lines9-10). This question is particularly interesting in that in the context of the New World, much questioning and separation occurs between the natives and the Puritans by what they eat. The significance of food for survival is particularly important because the colonists were struggling for the necessities, and encountered many new varieties of food. When Flesh refers to the faith of Spirit as "speculation . . . with out reality" she questions the idea of God as a whole. Flesh further insists on arguring the basis of religious faith in describing Spirit's quest for heaven as one which attempts to grasp at "shadows" (lines 13-20). This debate of believing what cannot be seen could be further construed in the context of colonial life as being a representative of the colonizers believing in a new and abundant paradise across the ocean. After believing in the fertility and beauty of the New World, Bradstreet as a colonist may have felt misguided. Life across the ocean was not what she thought it would be. Heaven, to Flesh, could not contain more riches than earth; her belief is confirmed by being able to "see" and "hold" the wealth (lines 30-34). Whereas Spirit is assured of the abundance of luxury available in heaven by something solely spiritual. The answers to Flesh's questions can only be found through scripture; Spirit goes to scripture for the answers. Spirit's replies to Flesh contain no questions; she is convinced of the power of the Father and heaven through the presence of her "settled heart" (line 38). Spirit once again recognizes their relationship as twins from a single beginning. This further proves the claim that these sisters are two sides to the narrator's mind. Spirit then admits to having been a slave to the Flesh and to vanity and deadly trickery. Spirit says, "Thy sinful pleasures I do hate, / They riches are to me no bait" (lines 57-58). This is particularly contrary in that the description of heaven Spirit uses of large amounts of valuable gold, silver, and pearly gates present at the end of the poem define very earthly pleasures. Spirit states that her more honorable moment will be when she is able to be completely victorious over Flesh. This section of the poem is particularly interesting also in the context of the colonial environment. "When thou my captive shalt be led, How I do live, thou need'st not scoff, For I have meat thou know'st not of; The hidden manna I do eat, The word of life it is my meat"" (lines 64-68).The words of capture,

The Petrov essays

The Petrov essays In the early 1950s Australia was rocked by the largest spy scandal in its history. In April 1954, a Soviet operative called Vladimir Petrov defected to Australia. His wife Evdokia followed him soon thereafter. It was an instant news sensation worldwide. What made it even more appealing as a news item was the fact that Evdokia Petrov was forcibly removed from the custody of Soviet field agents by Australian security forces, causing an uproar in both Australia and the Soviet Union. The loss of Vladimir and Evdokia Petrov caused serious damaged to the operational ability of the KGB, as both defectors were specialists in encryption/decryption and knew Soviet codes very well. The Petrovs were given false identities and lived out the rest of their lives in Australia. Vladimir Petrov was born in 1907 to a family of peasants living in Siberia. His working life began as a blacksmiths apprentice in 1919. Soon thereafter, he joined the Communist Youth Movement (Komsomol) and finished high school under the system of Soviet indoctrination. In 1930, the young Vladimir Petrov joined the Soviet Navy, but was recalled to Moscow in 1933 and allowed to enlist in the OGPU (later renamed as the KGB) . He began serving in China in 1937, however he returned less than a year later to work in the cipher section of the OGPU as director. By 1943 Vladimir Petrov was a Major. He was sent to neutral Sweden, where he immediately set about creating a spy network, operating out of the Soviet Embassy (located in Stockholm). Following the conclusion of the war, Petrov returned to the KGB head quarters, where he spent the next several years until he received a new assignment: he was to be a consul (effectively spy-master) in the Soviet Embassy in Canberra. His assignment was to create a full-scale spy ring in Australia and then to wage an espionage campaign against the country. His wife (Evdokia Petrov), a cipher clerk, came with him to Australia. Howe ...

Compare contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare contrast - Essay Example The story entails issues that we have been struggling to achieve in life, where everyone is equal, and people are intelligent and so the author felt it would be creative to put it in a real picture of just how things might be if we were all equal and intelligent. Through the film, the reality of how people are ruled, by the mighty in the society, comes out clearly than in the story. The people are forced to wear handicap gadgets that control their thoughts, and their reaction to circumstances (Vonnegut). Harrison Bergeon is a story that talks about a man called Harrison Bergeon who lived in the future. In this future everyone was equal in every way. Even, though, people were equal, despite this, some things were still not right. For example, people were handicapped. George was over intelligent as the narrator says, â€Å"†¦his intelligence was way above normal. His wife, on the other hand, was of average intelligence and could not remember things for lone. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦she could not think about anything except in short bursts.† Their son was taken away from them when he was 14, and the government claimed that he planned to overthrow the government. This was by a reporter who said, â€Å"†¦where he was held on suspicion of plotting to overthrow the government. Harrison Managed to escape from prison, â€Å"Harrison Bergeon†¦has just escaped from the prison† this was announcement made by the announcer (Vonnegut). From the story, it appears that people are not free to do what they want. For example, they are forced to wear the handicap gadgets that the government uses to control their thoughts. The narrator says, â€Å"†¦and told them that they had ten seconds to wear their handicaps.† The people had no freedom of choice. At the end, we see Harrison trying to gain their freedom by breaking into the studio and ordering people to do as he says. He says, ‘I am the emperor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.everyone must do what I say at once†. At

Organism Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organism Physiology - Essay Example Frog and Its Environment Researchers have done a lot of research on the physiology of frog. Some of the main organs of a frog studied extensively by the researchers include head, trunk, belly, webbed foot, hind leg, front leg, tongue, eye, nostril, and tympanum. Let us get an overview of some of the main organs of a frog in order to get an understanding of the roles that these organs play in making a frog adapted to its environment. Retrieved from http://www.infovisual.info/02/026_en.html Physiology of Frog Retrieved from http://www.biology-online.org/biology-forum/about14315.html Head Head is the uppermost part of a frog. The organs present in this portion include nostrils, mouth, eye, and tympanum. The internal structure of this portion includes vomerine teeth, maxillary teeth, internal nostrils, Eustachian tube, glottis, esophagus, and tongue. Trunk The trunk is the central part of a frog. Some organs attached with this part include head and limbs. Rear leg Rear legs of a frog hel p it take short and long jumps. Each of the rear legs has five toes. Rear legs are made in such a way that they act like springs for a frog and help it jump. Frogs have webbed feet, which help them swim in water (Drummond & Tom, 2011). Front leg Front legs of a frog are shorter in length. They help a frog leap forward and save the body from touching earth after jumping. Tongue â€Å"A frog's tongue is fastened in the front, not the back and is folded backward to the throat† (Thomas, 2007). The length of the tongue is nearly one-third of the frog’s overall length. There is a sticky material present on the tongue of a frog which attached the food to the tongue which is eventually swallowed by the frog. â€Å"It takes less than a second for a frog's tongue to roll out, adhere to prey, and roll back into the frog's mouth† (Anonymous, 1999). Frog lives in water as well outside. The amount of time that frogs spend in the water varies a great deal from frog to frog. So me frogs live in water most of the time whereas some live outside. They are carnivores and eat worms, spiders, fish, snails, and other small insects. They live in such environments where they can easily get their prey. They have good eyesight and a sticky tongue which help them get their prey easily. Frog’s eyes also help it take its prey into its belly. â€Å"Frogs' eyes have a surprising auxiliary function: they help in swallowing† (Anonymous, 1999). If we talk about the skin of a frog, we can say that the skin plays a vital role in the survival of a frog. The skin helps a frog breathe and drink. It is a fact that frogs cannot drink water. Therefore, their skin helps the take required moisture inside. The skin also helps frogs take oxygen in the body. Frogs need extra oxygen which their lungs are not able to take. Therefore, the skin of a frog helps it take required amount of extra oxygen that is needed for respiration. A frog also eats its skin once a week. It is a fact that frogs shed their skin once a week while blending, twisting, and stretching. They eat their old skin once they pull it off. Frogs need both soil and water for survival. They do not lay their eggs in soil. The reason is that their eggs do not have any kind of protective shell which can save them properly. Therefore, they lay their eggs in water because water protects their eggs from drying up. Frogs need a pollution free environment to survive. Although they can live in mud but the condition is that the mud should be free of harmful contaminants. Pollutants, such as, pesticides and insect killer sprays are very harmful for their survival because they contaminate the water in which frogs live. â€Å"Declines in amphibian numbers and increases in deformed bodies

Distance To Galaxy Using Supernova Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distance To Galaxy Using Supernova - Essay Example Type Ia supernova have proven to be excellent distance indicators when well treated. Although they have virtues that are linked to standard candle, they are not standard candle. Combined with the high luminosity of objects which make them detectable out of redshift near 1, they can be used to measure cosmological distances and provide determination of acceleration of the universe. The assumption that is made is that supernova expands in a spherical symmetric manner. It is unlikely that supernova Ia will provide genuine and detailed results of the peculiar velocity field just because it rarely occurred. The astronomers realized that it was possible to measure apparent magnitude of supernova knowing what its absolute magnitude was. The measured distance was to be used to calculate the distance modulus. 1 square CCD array was used in taking the sample images for later analysis. The images were used to measure properties of the supernova (SN) host galaxies, such as total stellar mass, star formation rate or host galaxy redshift. Finally the apparent brightness and luminosity were combined with the aim of finding distance .During every check-up for the supernova, the value for flux and epoch of the i band maximum,f1 and tpeak was estimated .The flux value of f g, fr and fz for the same epoch was estimated The SNLS result that was released for the first time consisted of photometry and red shift of 40 supernova 1.The result were having griz light curves with photometry covering the epoch of the maximum flux in the i band. The coefficients ci was derived using 20 SNe Ia and later confirmed by another 20SNe Ia.The bias corrected mean and standard deviation of ci computed using the jack-knife technique and the result provided as given below The results obtained for the values of (Zphot -Zspec)/( Zphot +Zspec ) was plotted against the values of Z spec on a graph . This was done for 20 SN Ia and 40 SN Ia. The above calculated value fro

Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work

Cultural Differences in Shakespeares Work Shakespeare in Performance This essay will explore the cultural difference of two Shakespeare, Othello performances. The two performances used are Stuart Burges 1965 adaptation and Oliver Parkers 1995 version. William Shakespeare was born in 1564 the son of John Shakespeare a glove maker, and Mary Arden the daughter of a farmer. Within the Elizabethan class system Shakespeare wouldnt have be destined for great things as he wasnt born into a significantly wealthy family. It is possible that Shakespeare was brought up as Catholic; Romeo and Juliet is a Catholic play. Shakespeare attended grammar school In Stratford his education would have been very intense in language, Latin, Greek and possibly modern language like French, his schooling would have also been heavily religious. Shakespeare would have been expected to leave school and go into law grammar schools trained for professionals. Shakespeare didnt continue his education at university and age 18 married Anne Hathaway and lived a quiet life having his first child, Susanna in 1583 then twins Judith and Hamnet in 1585. Historical accounts of Shakespeare in the first seven years of his childrens lives are classed as lost years, due to ther e being no reliable accounts in this period. It wasnt until the late 1590s that Shakespeare was writing plays although in them times writers would write under a false name so critics couldnt dismiss their work. By around 1591, 1592 Shakespeare had written 57 plays in the space 20 years this is a colossal amount especially as a play writer in the Elizabethan period. Shakespeare died on the 23rd April 1616 the same day as his birthday. The importance of Setting The plot Othello is taken from an Italian story Un Captitano Moro some critics believe, written in 1565 by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinzio, the story about a Moorish general deceived into believing his wife is being unfaithful. Shakespeare added important characters to the story Iago, Roderigo, Desdemonas father and Brabantio, Shakespeare implies the action of the play runs over some course of time although it could be perceived as being set over a period of a few days. Shakespeare also developed the complex villain Iago compared to the minor one in the original. Shakespeares audience would have believed in The Great Chain of Being, that determined the natural order of events. God being the top of the hierarchical chain, Shakespeare used the Great Chain of Being as a concept to emphasise the tragedy in Othello and struggle with love and Desdemona and Iagos jealous passion. Othello, the Moor of Venice scholars believe was written in the period of 1601-1604, Queen Elizabeth had died in 1603, people worried what would become of governess since Elizabeths death a lot of the fear is portrayed through Shakespeares plays of successful succession and governance. The Protestant Church of England was created by Henry, Elizabeths father there was concerns that the religion might fail after Elizabeths death in a Catholic came to power, and a foreigner to rule. Although the title implies Othello occurred in Venice it took place in Cyprus, having said that Shakespeares stage directions are very basic and minimal so directors that remake Shakespeares pieces can decide where the plot is set. In the period when Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice was a Republic that thrived on multiculturalism, it was major for international trade, Venice had colonial power also respectful of different cultures and religions. Venice was a charming, safe, peaceful location. Cyprus when Shakespeare was in school was under power by the Ottoman Turks, Cyprus was the home of wine and prostitutes full of deception and death. Geographically located between the Middle East, Europe, Mediterranean and Northern Africa the religion is Christian and Muslim, a prime place for religious and racial violence. Although critics believe Othello was adapted by Hecatommithi, the time period that Shakespeare wrote Othello Venice would have been a highly important trading link between the East and Europe. Venice would have been sending ambassadors from Venice and the East to Elizabethan England Shakespeare may have studied theses exotic strangers. Venice and Turkey during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries would have been at wars thus Othello being the general of the Venetian war. Shakespeare cleverly adapted a plot surrounding the issues of the day and explored a twist on race, jealousy and deceit. During the Elizabethan period, black people were not regarded as slaves, in 1601 Queen Elizabeth granted the diplomatic rights which allowed deportation, due to fears of overpopulation. Although the salve trade was not established during this time, the black race was considered inferior. Othello is a revolutionary cultural work, as the Moor Othello is portrayed as a civilized noble Christian who was wrongly deceived forced audiences to rethink the racial status during the early 16th century. Moor was a term used by the Elizabethans referring to Muslim Arabs or North Africa who had conquered Spain in the eighth century. Moors were Elizabethans believed, sinful, animalistic and murderous. It is interesting that Shakespeare represents Othello as the wrongly deceived victim, and Iago the Caucasian the typical More stereotype. Othello The tragedy of Othello, the Moor Whom Is general of Venice, promotes his lieutenant Cassio, leaving Iago enraged with jealousy. Othello fell in love and married Desdemona daughter of Brabantio, the Venetian senator. Iago uses Desdemona and Othellos love as a tactic in his revenge. Iago manipulates Othello into thinking his wife is having an affair with Cassio, Othello outraged kills Desdemona before killing himself the story concludes with Iagos unmasking and execution. Stuart Burges 1965 Othello Laurence Olivier The first English language film of the play Othello was released in December 1965 by director Burge, Burge was born in Brentwood Essex in January 1918 and died in 2002. Burge was the director of the Nottingham Playhouse between 1968-74 then went onto be artistic director at the Royal Court Theatre in over the period of 1977-80. This is the only Shakespeare adaptation that all leading actors were nominated for Oscars. The film was nearly exactly the same as stage production the release did not make use of music of exit music. Burges version of was the first English Othello shot in colour it had previously been done in Russian. This was the first of Shakespeares original text created into a full length British feature. Lawrence Olivier played Othello and acted in blackface, critics over the years have argued the origins of Othello being black or Arab. Othello has been played by white and more recently black actors, Laurence Oliviers version was performed in blackface. Olivier went into detail of his black face performance in his autobiography; Black all over my body, Max Factor 2880, then a lighter brown, then Negro number 2, a stronger brown. Brown on black to give a rich mahogany. Then the great trick: that glorious half yard of chiffon with which I polished myself all over until I shone the lips blueberry, the tight curled wig, the white of the eyes, whiter than ever, and the black, black sheen that covered my flesh and bones, glistening in the dressing room lights. (L. Olivier 1965) In Oliviers autobiography; Olivier, Laurence. Confessions of an Actor, Olivier proclaims in his and the directors minds the blackface wasnt done in a minstrelsy way it was done as costume to make him up as African with innocent intentions of playing Othello. The text Othello is not completely clear on Othellos race, subsequently because Shakespeare would not have been completed educated about the people that lived in North Africa. In 1966 the civil rights movement was at its highest in America racist discrimination and stereotypes were challenged the aesthetic of the Oliviers blackface was out of date and political incorrect.   Although in Europe, the civil rights movement wasnt as big as America with the last white actor blackface Othello taking place in 1990 by Michael Gambon. The New York Times published an article about Oliviers performance that stated; Outrageous impression of a theatrical Negro stereotype, Olivier an end man in an American minstrel show. (the New York times, Bosley Crowther) Burges adaptation of Othello definitely brings the issue of race to the forefront, most of the racial language is present as in the 1604 original text; thicklips, being the first derogatory offensive language aimed at Othello Act one, Scene one. Venice. A street. Roderigo: What a full fortune does the thicklips owe if he can carryt thus! References made by Othello regarding his race are interpreted as intended by Shakespeare, delivered with doubt; Act three, Scene three. The garden of the castle Othello: Haply, for I am black. Intending that because he is black, he is not as sophisticated as other people. Burge directed Olivier as a stereotypical African, exaggerated gesture and accent with his costumes ethnic and predominantly barefoot, with a rosary necklace. Burges performance has been regarded by critics as the greatest performance of the 20th century. (Peter Rainer) and was nominated for four Oscars, winning one. Olivier is the first of the great twentieth-century British actors who has created a brilliantly original interpretation of Othelloà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Oliviers) Othello is a man of gigantic stature but he is not a man of titanic thought; and by no means is he umo univerale, a man of many sided character, typical of the Renaissance. This Othello came into the world from a less civilised society. He Is very close to nature, to the earth. He has had no time to absorb the culture of the new world surrounding him. With all its glitter, this world is in fact trivial and meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Othellos simple soul makes him vulnerable to the pretty contrivances of the environment. A civilization that is false and untrue kills the simple-minded manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this is what Olivier; the actor shows us. (in Tynan, Othello. National Theatre Production, 108). Every modern, white actor, takin on Othello, feels obliged to explain why hes not playing him black, which was surely Shakespeares intention, when the unspoken reason is that to black up is as disgusting these days as a nigger minstrel show. (Laurence Olivier, 1986) Each generation can use pieces of Shakespeares texts his writings are timeless, an Author who makes plays relatable to different generations thus why Othello has been adapted countless times since 1601, in some adaptations of Othello the play is portrayed mostly on the jealous and devious theme. Burges approach to play directions however have been deemed as a play about race. A film version of the 1965 production released on DVD by Warner Home Video in 2007. Oliviers blackface performance makes this film adaptation a difficult object of study, but since it makes Othello a play about race in a way so disturbing for postmodern sensibilities, it is a valuable tool for exploring racial difference as a theme. And especially for considering the plays particular resonance with contemporary racial politics. (R, C. Evans In an article by the New York Times published February, 1966 reporter Bosley Crowther describes how America portrayed Oliviers performance; Seeing as how the drama critics in England were unstinting in their praise of the lush stage production of Othello in which Sir Laurence Olivier played with the National Theatre of Great Britain a couple of years ago, it may seem rude of an American film critic to voice some startled expectations to the motion picture made of the play by a British company. One bold and singular aspect of this production immediately impels the sensitive American viewer into a baffled and discomfited attitude. This is the radical make up Sir Laurence has chosen to use in his powerful and passionate characterization of the jealous Moor. He plays Othello in blackface! Thats right, blackface not the dark-brown stain that even the most daring white actors do not nowadays wish to go beyond.   Whats more, he caps his shiny blackface with a wig of kinky black hair and he has the insides of his lips smeared and thickened with a startling raspberry red. Several times, in his rages or reflections, he roll s his eyes up into his head so that the whites gleam like small mil agates out of the inky face. (B. Crowther 1966) Burges adaptation of Othello is clearly one that caused a stir, with the controversial blackface. The period in which Burge adapted the version the culture was changing surrounding racism, racist terms and what is politically correct. Professor Tony Howard University of Warwick believes for Olivier race wasnt an issue, race was an interesting factor in the play and he chose to make it paramount. The result of that was that I know some black actors that saw the play and were appalled by his imitation of stereotypical behaviour, and I know other black actors who saw the play and were inspired to become Shakespearian actors because of the sheer admiration for what he did. (T. Howard 2013). Oliver Parkers 1995 Othello, Laurence Fishburne Oliver Parker an English film director born 6th September 1960, directed Othello played by a black actor Laurence Fishburne classed as not an outsider in this version as the actor is of African descent. Having said that the racial tensions and most of the racial language still applies in the film. Fishburne, plays a more confidant, cocky Othello in this version he also wears the same costumes as most of the cast, with earings in his ears he blends in well with the rest of the cast unlike in Oliviers version. The choice of music and camera shots sets the racial tension in a different way than previous adaptations with the use of drums during the consummation of Othello and Desdemona also during the Cyprus   celebration. The film doesnt generally focus on Othellos race but more so on the tragedy of the story and Iagos jealousy. Parkers adaptation is more satisfying as a film rather than Shakespearian text, the original text is very heavily cut with many original rhythms not included. The plot and characters remains the same as the original text and Burges, parker sets the film within the same time period and location as the two explored. Parkers version is however modernised and update some areas of the film, parker has changed the interpretation of Iagos character slightly also cutting much of the original text. Parkers use of Othellos dreams allow the audience access into Othellos agony over his suspected wifes adultery, this opened the door to the audience in a new light, something that the original monologue and Burge was unable to achieve. The issue of Race in Parkers version is watered down and limelights the character of Iago and his evil plan. Iagos direct camera soliloquies, via direct camera shots portrays his devious intentions, Iagos true nature is heightened in Parkers adaptation through this technique compare to Burge and the original text. In Act one, Scene three Iago shouts to Roderigo to put money and love into his purse Iago is trying to deceive Roderigo into giving him money so Iago will make Desdemona fall in love with Roderigo. When Iago leaves this scene, the camera zooms in on Iagos face to music building up that creates tension, Iago then recites this original quote from the text; Act one, scene three Iago: Thus, do I ever make my fool my purse: For I mine own gaind knowledge should profane, If I would time expend with such a snipe. But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets He has done my office: I know not ift be true; But, I for more suspicious in that kind, Will do as if for surety. He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. Cassios a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery-how, how? Lets see: After some time, to abuse Othellos ear That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected, framed to make women false. The moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by the nose As asses are. I havet. it is endgenderd. hell, and night Must brin this monstrous birth to the worlds light. During the speech by Roderigo, Parkers gives the audience a subsequent plot for throughout the play as to why Iago wants to kill Othello. Parker directs Iago to look straight into the camera whilst declaring his hatred for Othello this breaks the forth wall including the audience on the whole experience. Iago speaks in a hushed monotone to music playing in the background thus adding theatrical drama, the camera then pans down to a chessboard. Iago places a white queen, black king and a white knight on the board parker does this to replicate Desdemona, Othello and Cassio. The colour of the chess pieces also play a very clever crucial part in the film highlighting the racial but also the use of a chess board highlights the manipulation and game playing from Iago. Parker directs Fishburne to play overtly sexual compared with the Burge version and original text. Parkers directions continues shows Desdemona and Othello in bed together in a number of scenes to modernize the version to appeal to a different audience. Parker has Othellos dreams filled with adultery presented with Desdemona in bed naked with Cassio, in the Burge version the characters are a lot more innocent. Othellos visual image of Desdemona and Cassio, allows for his fear to come alive with the help of Iagos manipulation Othello remembers what Desdemonas father said to him; Act one, Scene 3 A Council-Chamber. Brabantio: Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee. This line is continuously played in Othellos head throughout the film, giving Othello confirmation that the affair to real as Desdemona is deceiving him just as she did her father. Once you get to Act three, Scene three, its like being caught up in a huge surf. You are pounded by experiences and overwhelming feelings that oscillate violently. Sometimes within one sentence I go from passion and adoration to the most extreme expressions of loathing and self-hatred Ive ever had to try to get close to. (Laurence Fishburne, 1996) There are a few predominant themes that flow through both versions of Othello and the original text; Love, passion, jealousy, betrayal along with reputation and honour. love being the force that overcome a large obstacle in the marriage of Othello and Desdemona, although Othello loves Desdemona he gives her his heart he doesnt give her his mind and he doesnt trust her, he is deep down insecure.   Their love was tragically lost by the passion of Iago and his jealousy love to Iago is leverage, he declared his love to his friends but does the ultimate betrayal. The love between Cassio and Desdemona that is misinterpreted. Passion comes from Othello and Desdemona two lovers that political looked down on for the marriage but still going ahead with their passion anyway. Jealousy is a trait that is both in Othello and strongly Iago. Multiculturalism, Religious Suspicion and Racism. The Venetian Republic was known as a culturally tolerant society, that welcomes cultural traditions, however Othello and the merchant of Venice being set in Venice, portrays jealousy, race and xenophobia. Shakespeares Othello predates the slave trade and biological classification. Othello being a Moor in Shakespeares time could relate to someone from the Middle East or Spain not necessarily Africa. Reference List Othello. (1965) film. Directed by Stuart Barge. GB: British Home Entertainment. {film} Othello. (1995) Directed by Olive Parker. GB: Warner Home video. {DVD} Colin, Phillip C. and Kuhn, Francis X. (2002) Othello: New Critical Essays Brockport Bookshelf. Book 218. Othello: A Critical Reader Robert. C. Evans Bloomsbury Publishing (2015) (T. Howard 2013) Othello at the National Theatre www.nationaltheatre.org